Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules

1. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Questions of the Day! Answer in complete sentences! • The grocery store is where we go to get the nutrients we need in order for our chemical reactions to occur. The macromolecules we need in order to survive are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Which foods would you find each one of these molecules in the grocery store? • What do each of these molecules do for living things? (including nucleic acids) • Where in the body would you find lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins?

2. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Standards and Objectives • Distinguish among proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. • Identify positive tests for lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.

3. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Organic Chemistry – Deals with Carbon in living things • Carbon has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. • Carbon makes 4 bonds • Carbon only bonds on it's outermost shell.

4. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • QUESTION! • You are given a set of legos and asked to make a large chain of blocks. How do you make the large chain?

5. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • ANSWER! • You stack them to make the mahoosive structure!

6. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • When several carbons are covalently bonded together (stacked or in a chain), larger molecules are made. (Macromolecules)

7. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Macromolecules • Very large compounds • Make POLYMERS (many repeating units) • 4 organic (carbon based) compounds

8. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • CARBOHYDRATES • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO) • 1 C : 2 H : 1 O ratio • SUGARS • Can mix with water (Polar) • Mono saccharides = 1 sugar molecule • Di saccharides = 2 sugar molecules • Poly saccharides = Many sugar molecules

9. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Purposes of Carbohydrates... • Cellulose is the “fiber” in plants that we can not digest...the crunch in celery... • People can, however, digest starch. (potatoes, crackers made from flour) • Chitin is the crunchy sound when you squish a bug. (it's hard outer shell) • Animals store energy in the form of glycogen.

10. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Lipids – Fats, Oils, Steroids, Waxes • Do not mix with water (non polar) • Made up of long carbon chains • Used for energy storage • Makes up cell membrane • Chemical signals between cells

11. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Fats – solid at room temperature (Saturated fat – all C's have H's in single covalent bonds) • Oils – liquid at room temperature (Unsaturated fat – C's have double bonds) • Fats can stack like lego bricks in the blood because their shape is flat. Oils stay in liquid form because they can not stack.

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13. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Phospholipids • Phospho – phosphate (polar part hydrophillic head) • Lipids – fats (nonpolar hydrophobic tail) • Make cell membranes (lipid bilayer) • Form micelles (rings in water)

14. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Proteins • Are signalers, enzymes, and make up muscles • Made of long chains of amino acids • The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds (covalent bond) • There are 20 amino acids

15. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Proteins • There are 4 structures of proteins • Primary: Amino Acid sequence • Secondary: Sequence folds • Tertiary: multiple folds • Quaternary: More than one protein

16. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Nucleic Acids • Store and transfer genetic information • Made up of many units (polymers) of nucleotides (monomers) • DNA and RNA are the molecules that store genetic information

17. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate • Cells' energy molecule • Break off a phosphate and get energy in the form of HEAT!

18. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Nucleic Acids do not have a test

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20. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Water H2O • Every reaction in a living system happens in a pool of water • Molecules in living systems are often held together by hydrogen bonds • Oxygen holds onto the electrons from Hydrogen in the bond that makes Oxygen a bit more negative • Hydrogen from other molecules are attracted to oxygen and form these bonds • DNA, enzymes, proteins <= ALL of these structures rely on hydrogen bonds for their shape!

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22. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules Snowflake formation is due to hydrogen bonding. The molecules form these shapes due to the position of the molecules as the start to freeze when they enter the atmosphere

23. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • CONCLUSION! • There are 4 types of biological macromolecules! • Carbohydrates – rings that are used for energy and structure. (Monosaccharides link together) • Lipids – long chains of hydrocarbons used for long term energy storage and makes up the plasma membrane • Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA molecules for genetic coding • Proteins – Used for signalers, enzymes, make up you tissues, organs, and entire living system. (Amino acids link together)

24. Ch. 6 BiochemistryBiological Macromolecules • Indicators are used to determine the presence of proteins, complex sugars, simple sugars, and fats. • Benedict’s – simple sugars (Glucose) (turns red/orange) • Iodine – Complex sugars (starch) (turns black/purple) • Sudan Reagent – Lipids (turns red) • Paper – Lipids (Turns translucent) • Biuret’s – Protein (turns purple) • Water is essential in all living systems for reactions • Hydrogen bonding holds most molecules together • Hydrogen bonding happens when H interacts with O or N