Chapter 20—The conservative order and the challenges of reform

1. Chapter 20—The conservative order and the challenges of reform Liberalism, Nationalism, and Conservatism in 19th Century Europe

2. Liberalism • This is “19th Century European Liberalism” • Would not be considered “Liberal” in the 21st century sense of the word • Looked to make moderate political/economic changes gradually

3. Liberalism • Wished to apply the ideas of the Enlightenment and the “Principles of 1789” • Looked towards Great Britain’s liberties as an example • Legal equality • Religious toleration • Freedom of the press • Elected representation in government • WRITTEN CONSTITUTIONS

4. Liberalism • Economic Goals: • Abolish mercantilism • Free Trade!!! • End regulations on wages and labor • “Laissez-Faire” economics

5. Nationalism • ***”Nationalism proved to be the single most powerful European political ideology of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.” • Has reappeared in late-20th early 21st century Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Second World

6. Nationalism • Believed that political and ethnic boundaries should be the same. • Disagreed with the Congress of Vienna • Why???

7. Nationalism • The major opponents of the Nationalist movement: • Austrian (Habsburg) Empire • Russia • All other heterogeneous states united under one monarchy/empire

8. Nationalism • Nationalist Movements: • The “Irish Problem” • German-speaking regions • The Italian peninsula • Poland • Eastern Europe (Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Slovenia) • Balkan Peninsula (Serbia and Greece)

9. Conservatism The French Revolution had made these three groups into allies.

10. Opposition to Conservatism • Habsburg Empire—Opposed the rule of Prince Metternich • Prussia—opposed Frederick William III • France—opposed Louis XVIII • Spain—opposed Ferdinand VII • Greece—SUCCESSFUL • Serbia--SUCCESSFUL