1 / 30

Mitigating carbon foot prints through geothermal: Indian Scenario

Mitigating carbon foot prints through geothermal: Indian Scenario. Dr. D. Chandrasekharam Professor Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Chairman, GeoSyndicate Power Pvt. Ltd. CO 2 emission by OECD and non OECD countries.

clara
Download Presentation

Mitigating carbon foot prints through geothermal: Indian Scenario

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Mitigating carbon foot prints through geothermal: Indian Scenario Dr. D. Chandrasekharam Professor Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Chairman, GeoSyndicate Power Pvt. Ltd. W R E C Bali 2011

  2. CO2 emission by OECD and non OECD countries Security for long term electricity supply and greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuels based power plants are a cause of concern for the entire world today. The demand of electricity is expected to rise from the present 16,424 TWh (2004) to30,364 TWh in 2030 (EIA 2007). Chandrasekharam & Bundschuh 2008 W R E C Bali 2011

  3. World electricity generation Chandrasekharam & Bundschuh, 2008 W R E C Bali 2011

  4. Population and electricity The demand will be greater in the developing countries and electricity generation in the developing countries will increase by several folds relative to the industrialized countries. Consequently, CO2 emission in non-OECD countries will also increase considerably. Chandrasekharam & Bundschuh, 2008 W R E C Bali 2011

  5. Therefore, the present and future challenges to control CO2 emission and adopt clean development mechanism are • to generate electric power through environmental friendly energy sources thereby reducing the dependency on fossil fuels • (2) to implement technological and infrastructural mitigation options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from sectors other than power. • Unless these two goals are achieved, it is difficult to control global climate change and save the future generations from harmful effects. • The above two challenges, i.e. guaranteed electricity supply to meet ever increasing demand and reduction of CO2 and other greenhouse gases emission are the primary goals to be addressed by both the developed and developing countries. W R E C Bali 2011

  6. Options Renewable energy sources to meet future energy demand should meet the following criteria: • The source should be large enough to sustain long-lasting energy supply to generate the required electricity of the country, • The sources should be economically and technically accessible • The sources should have a wide geographic distribution and • The sources should be a low CO2 emitter tomake significant contribution to global warming mitigation. Geothermal energy meets all the above criteria. W R E C Bali 2011

  7. Present Production: 141,080 MWe • IPP’s contribution: 10,760 MWe Plant/Fuel Type MWe Percentage Thermal 90895 64.4 Coal 75002 53.1 Gas 14691 10.4 Oil 1201 0.9 Hydro 35209 25.0 Nuclear 4120 2.9 Renewable 10855 7.7 Total 141080 • Expected Production by 2012: 219,657 MWe • Projected increase in: 95,895 MWe • Growth in 2007-09 < 6.3% India’s Power Status and CO2 emission W R E C Bali 2011

  8. Power scenario and CO2 Emission-India 870 million tones of CO2 will be produced by this coal (~8 % /Year) 263 Million tones of coal will be burnt to achieve the target UNFCC CO2 cap Forces India to reduce CO2 emission by 5% Options Wind: x Solar: x Bio: x Hydel: x Geothermal: India has to enter carbon Trade with EU countries Now generation of captive power by industries is allowed. This is another major concern. W R E C Bali 2011

  9. CDM and Coal power Increase per capita electricity consumption from 631 kWhr to 1000 kWhr. India’s growth rate of <4 % ( though the MOP annual report indicated 6.3 % growth rate, MOP 2008). India can not achieve anticipated per-capita consumption by merely burning an additional 263 million tones of coal. This will only drift the country away from implementing CDM unlike other European countries. In fact its future economic competitor, China, is reducing CO2 emissions by utilizing its low enthalpy energy geothermal energy resources for space heating and cooling (Jiurong and Jianping 2005). W R E C Bali 2011

  10. CO2 emission over Himalayas: Example from Leh W R E C Bali 2011

  11. CO2 emission in Leh • Leh is the Capital of Ladakh Province in Jammu and Kashmir State • Area: 45110 Sq Km spread over 35 villages • Population of Ladakh: 119, 307 • Population of Leh: 68, 400 (2001) • Major occupation ( 75%): Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Tourism • Weather: - 30 to + 35 W R E C Bali 2011

  12. Power and CO2 emission in Leh • Present demand 59 MWe • Projected demand ~ 94 MWe • Stakna Hydel generates 2 MWe; No power in winter • Diesel generates 8 MWe (~ 10 diesel generators supply this power) • Cost of diesel power 18 US cents (Rs. 7.50/kwh) with Govt subsidy. • Diesel is brought from outside Leh • In winter only diesel power is available W R E C Bali 2011

  13. Diesel generators: Leh W R E C Bali 2011

  14. Cost of diesel and emissions • At present 3 Million liters of diesel is burnt annually to generate 8 MWe • At present > Rs. 120 million rupees (3 million US$) are spent annually to • generate 8 MWe (41916000 kWhr) from diesel. • The effect of CO2 is already felt in the entire Himalayas with the glaciers • retreating at the rate of ~18 m per year • Besides CO2, Black Carbon emission is a cause of concern • Diesel as well as bio-fuels emit large amount of Black Carbon W R E C Bali 2011

  15. Fossil fuel based thermal power plants ( Coal, Oil, gas), Biomass, Wood e.g. 1 unit (kWhr) of power generated by Coal based thermal power plants releases about 1 kg of CO2 0.5 kg coal is required to generate 1 unit ( kWhr) of electric power. 1 kg of coal can generate 2 units of electricity thus releasing 2 kg of CO2 United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) made all the countries to sign an agreement to reduce CO2 emissions by 5 % ( This agreement is Popularly known as the Kyoto protocol) Reduction in CO2 means, reduction in power generation: No country will agree to reduce Socio-economic growth Main greenhouse gas emitters IPCC, 2007 W R E C Bali 2011

  16. CDM and Coal Power However, there is a hope for the country to reduce emission volume if larger share of less carbon intensive energy sources are used as primary energy mix. This will yield a saving of 27% in CO2 emissions by 2030 by reducing the emissions by 0.9 Gt. W R E C Bali 2011

  17. Cost of geothermal vs other sources W R E C Bali 2011

  18. Geothermal potential of India and CO2 savings On an average geothermal power plants emit 0.893 kg CO2/MWhr while coal power plants emit 953 kg CO2/MWhr (UNFCCC, 1997). The combined (wet low enthalpy and EGS) geothermal potential of India, taking in to account the 150000 sq. km high heat producing granites, spread over the continent extending from the HGB to the southern part of the continent, is, on a conservative side amounts to 18348 x 1014 kWhr ( Chandrasekharam and Chandrasekhar, 2008). W R E C Bali 2011

  19. Geothermal potential and CO2 saving (power) At a growth rate of ~ 4 %, by 2030 coal alone will add about 414 x 106 MWhr. By utilizing the geothermal energy source, India can save about 396 x 109 kg of CO2. At the current CER rate of ~ 10 euros/tCO2, this amounts to 396 x 107 euros. W R E C Bali 2011

  20. Geothermal potential and CO2 saving (Direct) Further, 33 % (245 x 106 MWhr, only coal power) of electricity in India is utilized by the building sector (commercial and domestic). A major amount is spent for space cooling, refrigeration and hot water supply. This amounts to emission of 234 x 109 kg CO2. If India utilizes low enthalpy geothermal sources (through Ground source Heat pumps: GHPs) the country can save additional revenue of 234 x 107 euros under CER W R E C Bali 2011

  21. CDM and Food processing industry Implementing CDM in food processing sector also will provide additional benefit to the country in reducing CO2 and earning carbon credits. India is one of the world’s major food processing countries, accounting for 1.5 % of international food trade India’s total food market is estimated at US$ 70 billion and value added products is estimated at US$ 22 billion. If the situation is so attractive then why India is not able to cash on this opportunity? Lack of growth in this sector is due to poor infrastructure facilities like cold storage, dehydration and tax incentives. About 80 % vegetables and fruits perish due to high water content. Due to lack of such facilities, food worth 2.5 billion US$ is wasted annually with farm products share of 1.5 billion US$ Chandrasekharam, 2001 W R E C Bali 2011

  22. CDM and Food processing industry (Direct) Indian food sector uses about 13 % of the electricity (IEA, 2007) amounting to 63 x 106 MWhr (from coal fired thermal power plants). Thus part of the capital, amounting to 600 x 106euros can be raised through CDM and ploughed into this industry by using geothermal sources instead of conventional fuels W R E C Bali 2011

  23. Black Carbon and Geothermal The black soot, that all of us observe in our daily life, is known as black carbon (BC). The sources of BC are fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas), biomass, agricultural waste, dung etc. BC emission factor of these fuels in that order is ~ coal 0.8, wood 1.1, dung 4.4 and agri-waste 1.3 g/kg.  The total BC emission by India is about 600 Gg ( Geophy. Res. Lett., 2008, v. 35). Per capita emission is about 600 g /yr ( J. Geophy. Res. 2003) The life of BC in the atmosphere is about a week while CO2 lingers for several decades. Both BC and CO2 have tremendous effect on global warming and glacier retreat. BC has strong light absorbing property. Thus short term control of global warming can be accomplished by controlling the BC emission. W R E C Bali 2011

  24. 18-20 m per year Black Carbon and Geothermal Leh, with a population of ~ 68,000 is contributing 0.04 Gg of BC annually. Thus Ladakh, with a population of 119,307 is contributing about 0.07Gg of BC to the atmosphere around the glaciers. BC content in ice cores recovered from Himalayan glacier is about 20 g/kg. while global average BC content in snow is about 5 g/kg. This is alarmingly high!! W R E C Bali 2011

  25. 18-20 m per year Retreating Gangotri Glacier W R E C Bali 2011

  26. Implementing CDM Straight away 70 million grams BC emission from Ladakh can be stopped immediately by tapping 2 billion kWhr of electric power from Puga and Chumathang geothermal provinces ( Himalayan geothermal belt)!!. In fact, Leh and Ladakh may need maximum 10 % to 20 % ( assuming future demand of Leh) of this power. Army may need about 10-15% The remaining can be supplied to the Kashmir valley, there by further reducing BC emissions from the valley during winters. Once clean power at affordable price is available, there is no need to burn bio-fuels to keep the homes warm during winters! In fact, Lhasa, in Tibet gets it power from the Yangbajing geothermal province situated within the Himalayan geothermal belt that generates 0.2 billion kWhr of electric power. W R E C Bali 2011

  27. Yangbhajing Himalayan Geothermal Belt W R E C Bali 2011

  28. Himalayan Geothermal Belt W R E C Bali 2011

  29. Implementing CDM Leh, emits about 41 x 106 kg CO2. ( @ 817 Kg CO2/MWhr, for oil, UNFCCC, 1997) This can be reduced immediately by generating 2 x 109 kWhr electricity from the Puga geothermal field In addition to this, the EGS potential of the high heat generating granites of HGB, on a conservative account is about 1501 x 1015 kWhr W R E C Bali 2011

  30. Thank you W R E C Bali 2011

More Related