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Causes of WWII

Causes of WWII. Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment in Europe World-wide Depression Dictators rise; driven by nationalism, desire for more territory The rise of totalitarianism in Europe and Asia lead to World War II. Stalin – Communism – Soviet Union.

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Causes of WWII

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  1. Causes of WWII • Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment in Europe • World-wide Depression • Dictators rise; driven by nationalism, desire for more territory • The rise of totalitarianism in Europe and Asia lead to World War II.

  2. Stalin – Communism – Soviet Union • Totalitarian government exerts almost complete control over people • replaces private farms with collectives • creates second largest industrial power; famines kill millions • purges anyone who threatens his power; 8–13 million killed Josef Stalin Soviet Dictator 1879 – 1953

  3. Victims of Stalin’s Purges Soviet Collective Camp

  4. Mussolini – Fascism -- Italy • Fascism stresses nationalism, needs of state above individual • Benito Mussolini plays on fears of economic collapse, communism • Supported by government officials, police, army • 1922 appointed head of government, establishes totalitarian state Benito Mussolini Italian Fascist 1883 - 1945

  5. Hitler – Fascism -- Germany • Adolf Hitler leader of National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) • Mein Kampf—Hitler’s book, basic beliefs of Nazism, based on extreme nationalism • Unite German-speaking people, enforce racial “purification” • Nazis become strongest political party; Hitler named chancellor • Dismantles democratic Weimar Republic; establishes Third Reich

  6. Adolf Hitler German ReichsFührer 1889 - 1945 Mein Kampf(My Struggle) Published 1925

  7. Japan – Emperor + Militarists • Emperor Hirohito • Militarists control Japanese government • 1931, Nationalist military leaders seize Manchuria Hirohito 124th Emperor of Japan 1901 - 1989

  8. Aggressive Moves • Japan invades Manchuria (China) • Mussolini invades Ethiopia • German Aggression: • Rhineland • Austria • Czechoslovakia • Poland

  9. Italy Invades Ethiopia 1935 Japanese Soldiers Enter Mukden, Manchuria

  10. Hitler’s Troops Enter the Rhineland 1935

  11. DATE • 1922 • 7/1929 • 4/1930 • 6/1930 EVENT • Mussolini became dictator of Italy • U.S. approved Kellogg-Briand Pact • London Naval Treaty limited tonnage • Hawley-Smoot Tariff created trade barriers

  12. 9/1931-10/1931 • Japan marched into Manchuria to take coal deposits; U.S. does nothing • League of Nations asked the world to boycott Japanese goods and stop exporting to Japan, U.S. did not boycott

  13. 1/1932-7/1932 • U.S. Stimson Doctrine refused to recognize Japanese land gains in Manchuria • US refused to cancel war debts to Eur. Powers. • Germany did not pay war debts • Allies did not pay debts to US

  14. 2/1933-Fall 1933 • Japan walked out of the League of Nations; no reprisals • Nazis came to power and set up a fascist government • Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

  15. Hitler pulled Germany out of League of Nations and began building up German army • US formally recognized USSR • US issues good neighbor policy stating that no country had the right to intervene in the affairs of other nations.

  16. 4/1934 - Fall 1934 • Mussolini sent Italian troops to attack Ethiopia • Japan gave notice it would terminate the Wash. Naval Conference agreement. • President Paul von Hindenburg of Germany dies; Hitler became Fuhrer

  17. 1935 • Hitler announced that Germany would rearm despite Treaty of Versailles • Announced existence of German air force (Luftwaffe) • Hitler introduced compulsory military service for German men.

  18. 8/1935 - 12/1935 • 2/1936 • US announced First Neutrality Act and forbade sales to belligerents • US announced Second Neutrality Act and said it would make no loans to belligerents

  19. 3/1936 • 7/1936 • Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland in violation of Treaty of Versailles; world did nothing • Spanish Civil War began; fascists overthrew existing government with help of Germany and Italy.

  20. Spanish Civil War • General Francisco Franco rebels against Spanish republic • Hitler, Mussolini back Franco; Stalin aids opposition • Western democracies remain neutral • War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis - alliance between Italy and Germany • Franco wins war, becomes fascist dictator Francisco Franco Spanish Dictator 1892 - 1975

  21. 10/1936 • 5/1937 • Germany and Italy formed a military alliance: Rome-Berlin Axis • US announced Third Neutrality Act and claimed it would trade on a “cash and carry” basis • Hitler repudiated all responsibility for WWI • Japan attacked China

  22. 10/1937 • 12/1937 • 1938 • FDR’s “Quarantine the Aggressor Speech” (econ. Isolation); met with disinterest • Italy withdraws from League of Nations • Germany annexed Austria

  23. 12/1938 • Fr., GB, It, and Germ. signed the Munich Pact (Appeasement) giving Hitler the Sudetenland and Hitler promised to leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone. • Jewish persecution and pogroms are put in place throughout Germany

  24. Appeasement • 3 million German-speakers in Sudetenland • Hitler claims Czechs abuse Sudeten Germans, masses troops on border • Prime Ministers of Brit. and Fr. meet with Hitler • Sign Munich Pact, hand Sudetenland over to Germany • Appeasement—giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

  25. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and GermanFührer Adolf Hitler September 1939

  26. 3/1939 • 8/1939 • Germany invaded and took the rest of Czechoslovakia • Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact signed; would not attack each other; secretly agreed to divide Poland between them

  27. 9/1939 • 9/3/39 • Hitler invaded Poland (Blitzkrieg); Poland surrendered after a month and was split between Germany and USSR. • England & France declared war on Germany for violation of Munich Pact. • WWII begins

  28. German Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”

  29. The Maginot Line, 1940

  30. The Fall of France • British, French trapped on beach at Dunkirk; ferried to safety in UK miraculous rescue • 1940,  Italy invades France from south; Germans approach Paris • France falls; Germans occupy northern France • Nazi puppet government (Vichy Gov’t) set up in southern France • General Charles de Gaulle sets up government-in-exile in England French Leader Charles de Gaulle 1890 - 1970

  31. Evacuation of Dunkirk 1940

  32. France Falls Germans Enter Paris - 1940

  33. The Battle of Britain • Summer 1940, Germany prepares fleet to invade Britain • Battle of Britain—German planes (Luftwaffe) bomb British targets • RAF – Royal Air Force • Britain uses radar to track, shoot down German planes • Hitler calls off invasion of Britain. Churchill became Prime Minister of England.

  34. DATE • 9/1940 EVENT • Destroyers for Bases Deal: US sends ships to Brit. And rec’d 99 year leases to naval and air bases in the Caribbean. • Japan continues south and invades French Indo-China (Vietnam) • US placed an embargo on exports to Japan • Japan, Germany, and Italy formed a military alliance called the Axis Powers.

  35. DATE • 11/1940 • 1/1941 • 6/1941 EVENT • FDR elected to third term • FDR delivers his “Four Freedoms” Speech (speech, religion, want, fear) • Congress passed Lend-Lease Act • Germany invaded Soviet Union (USSR) – major mistake for Hitler, must now fight on two fronts, Germany underestimated the Soviet’s resolve.

  36. America Moves Toward War • The U S provides economic and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory. • Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality • Congress passes “cash-and-carry” provision • Germany, Japan, Italy alliance aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on two oceans

  37. Building U.S. Defenses • Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S. defense spending • First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training and Service Act

  38. “The Great Arsenal of Democracy” • FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to conquer world • U.S. must become  “arsenal of democracy” • Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms • 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S.  to lend or lease supplies for defense • Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet Union

  39. American-made .38 revolvers shipped to England from the United States under the Lend-Lease Program are unpacked at an English ordnance depot

  40. German Wolf Packs • Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys • Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines patrol North Atlantic • sink supply ships • FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats in self-defense

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