1 / 58

ORGANIC MOLECULES

ORGANIC MOLECULES. ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES CONTAIN CARBON AND ARE FOUND IN ORGANISMS THERE ARE 4 MAIN GROUPS CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS Proteins NUCLEIC ACIDS. I. Carbohydrates. CARBOHYDRATES. ARE SUGARS, STARCHES

chelsa
Download Presentation

ORGANIC MOLECULES

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. ORGANIC MOLECULES ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES CONTAIN CARBON AND ARE FOUND IN ORGANISMS THERE ARE 4 MAIN GROUPS CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS Proteins NUCLEIC ACIDS

  2. I. Carbohydrates

  3. CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUGARS, STARCHES SERVE AS A FUEL SOURCE FOR CELLS …. Example Glucose and then its turned into ATP THEY ARE ALSO COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

  4. CARBOHYDRATES ARE CHAINS OF CARBON ATOMS THAT ARE BONDED TO HYDROXYL (OH) GROUPS AND HYDROGEN ATOMS (H), they form a ring. CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE OF C, H & O C,H & O ARE IN A 1:2:1 RATIO THERE ARE 3 MAIN GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES

  5. 3 GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES A. MONOSACCHARIDES- SIMPLE SUGARS example: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE B. DISACCHARIDES- 2 SIMPLE SUGARS example: LACTOSE, SUCROSE, MALTOSE C. POLYSACCHARIDES- MANY SIMPLE SUGARS example: STARCH, CELLULOSE, GLYCOGEN SUGARS END IN - OSE

  6. A. MONOSACCHARIDES (monomer for this group)(monomer is one unit) GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE & GALACTOSE ARE ISOMERS. ALL HAVE THE CHEMICAL FORMULA C6H12O6 ISOMERS- ARE MOLECULES WITH THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA, BUT A DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS.

  7. Same chemical formula C6H12O6, different structural arrangement Galactose Glucose Fructose

  8. MONOSACCHARIDES: GLUCOSE GLUCOSE- BLOOD SUGAR – cells use this for energy (ATP), which is metabolized during cellular respiration. Our major source is from fruits/plants. Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis. Plants also use it during their own cellular respiration.

  9. FRUCTOSE FRUIT SUGAR THE SWEETEST OF ALL THE SUGARS

  10. GALACTOSE NOT FOUND FREE IN NATURE, ONLY IN MILK WE CANNOT USE GALACTOSE BUT MUST CHANGE IT TO GLUCOSE

  11. B. DISACCHARIDES – when two monosaccharides bond in a dehydration synthesis reactionH+ and OH- are removed and form water (also called a condensation reaction)

  12. Examples of Dissacharides 1. LACTOSE:MILK SUGAR made from:GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE • SUCROSE:TABLE SUGAR made from: GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE 3. MALTOSE:MALT SUGARmade from: GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE

  13. C. POLYSACCHARIDES – three or more monosaccharides 1. STARCH: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN PLANTS 2. GLYCOGEN: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN ANIMALS (in us it is in the liver) 3. CELLULOSE: CELL WALLS OF PLANTS FOR STRENGTH 4. CHITIN – MAKES UP THE EXOSKELETON OF ARTHROPODS ALL 3 ARE LONG CHAINS OF GLUCOSE

  14. Review: Functions of carbohydrates • Provides quick energy in the form of glucose • Can also be stored in the form of glycogen and starch • Can be used structurally as in plants (cellulose) and some animals (chitin)

  15. LIPIDS

  16. LIPIDS HAVE MANY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

  17. 1. THEY ACT AS ENERGY SOURCES

  18. 2. THEY CUSHION THE BODY.

  19. 3. THEY INSULATE THE BODY.

  20. THERE ARE 5 GROUPS OF LIPIDS FATTY ACIDS FATS OILS PHOSPHOLIPIDS STEROLS

  21. FATTY ACIDS ALL OF THEM HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER OF C ATOMS. COOH - C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C ALL OF THEM HAVE A CARBOXYL GROUP (-COOH) ON ONE END.

  22. FATTY ACIDS ARE CLASSIFIED IN 2 WAYS 1.BY THE LENGTH OF THE CARBON CHAIN 2. BY HOW SATURATED THEY ARE WITH H ATOMS

  23. THE LENGTH OF THE CARBON CHAIN SHORT CHAIN: 10 OR FEWER C ATOMS. Eg. BUTTER

  24. LONG CHAIN12-18 C ATOMS. Eg. ANIMAL FATS & VEGETABLE OILS.

  25. EXTRA-LONG CHAIN20 OR MORE C ATOMS. Eg. FISH OILS.

  26. HOW SATURATED THEY ARE WITH H ATOMS

  27. THERE ARE 3 DEGREES OF SATURATION SATURATED MONOUNSATURATED POLYUNSATURATED

  28. SATURATED: HAVE AS MANY H ATOMS AS POSSIBLE H H H H H H H COOH C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H

  29. MONOUNSATURATED: HAS ONE DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS H H H H H H H COOH C C C C C C C H H H H H H

  30. POLYUNSATURATED: HAS 2 OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS H H H H H H COOH C C C C C C C H H H H H

  31. FATS AND OILS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, FATS ARE SOLIDS AND OILS ARE LIQUIDS HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT? HOW ARE THEY SIMILAR? BOTH CONTAIN GLYCEROL.

  32. GLYCEROL H H C OH C H OH H C OH H

  33. PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE IMPORTANT IN CELL MEMBRANES

  34. STEROIDS ARE COMPOSED OF 4 CARBON RINGS 3 4 1 1 2

  35. FUNCTIONS OF STEROIDS COMPOSE THE CELL MEMBRANE IMPORTANT IN THE PRODUCTION OF HORMONES THE RAW MATERIAL OF VITAMIN D NECESSARY FOR BILE SALTS

  36. THE MOST IMPORTANT STEROID IS CHOLESTEROL WHAT IS CHOLESTEROL? DEFINITION: A STEROID FOUND IN ANIMAL FATS AND MOST BODY TISSUES; MADE BY THE LIVER. WHITE AND FATTY IN NATURE.

  37. NUCLEIC ACIDS THERE ARE TWO DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID) RNA DNA

  38. DNARNA  Double Stranded Single Stranded Codes for proteins Helps interpret the code Three types mRNA, tRNA, rRNA (m and t help with making proteins and r makes up ribosomes where proteins are made) Monomer is called a nucleotide for both (a nucleotide is made up of a 5 Carbon sugar*, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base*)

  39. PROTEINS HAVE MANY FUNCTIONS • THEY MAKE UP THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS/ OF THE BODY. • -Every organism has 1000’s of unique proteins • -Proteins are coded from DNA

  40. LIKE MUSCLES

  41. HAIR

  42. AND NAILS

  43. 2. THEY ACT AS ENZYMES TO SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

  44. 3. SOME ARE HORMONES.

  45. 4. SOME ARE IMPORTANT IN IMMUNITY.

  46. 5. SOME ARE IMPORTANT IN TRANSPORT. THEY MAKE UP BLOOD HEMOGLOBIN.

  47. PROTEIN STRUCTURE ALL PROTEINS CONTAIN C, H, O & N. AMINO ACIDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS. THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS FOUND IN HUMANS. All aa’s have a central C that has a H, COOH (carboxyl group), an amine group (NH2), and an “R” group (a hydrocarbon chain of 2- ? Carbons).

  48. BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID H C COOH NH2 R

  49. AMINO ACIDS THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS 11 ARENONESSENTIAL, THE BODY CAN MAKE THEM 9 AREESSENTIAL, THEY MUST BE IN OUR DIET

  50. Two amino acids = dipeptide Three or more amino acids = polypeptide Remember ase = enzyme

More Related