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THE NEW DEAL

THE NEW DEAL. 1 st HUNDERED days. FDR was elected in 1932 On taking office the Roosevelt administration launched a period of intense activity. During the time congress passed more than 15 MAJOR new pieces of legislation to improve the economy.

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THE NEW DEAL

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  1. THE NEW DEAL

  2. 1st HUNDERED days • FDR was elected in 1932 • On taking office the Roosevelt administration launched a period of intense activity. • During the time congress passed more than 15 MAJOR new pieces of legislation to improve the economy. • He worked with a informal group of intellectuals consisting of professors, lawyers, and journalists. This team of carefully picked advisers helped devise the New Deal Policies. They became knows as the “Brain Trust” These laws, and others that followed, significantly expanded the federal government’s roll in the nations economy. In 1932 African Americans shifted their focus from their Republican allegiances and became a vital element of the Democratic Party.

  3. Fireside Chats • March 12th 1933 the 1st fireside chat with FDR • Americans felt as if the president were talking directly to them. • FDR’s Spirit of optimism truly appealed to Americans nationwide.

  4. Regulating the Bank and Finance • Glass-Steagall Act: 1933 established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).Provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $5,000. Reassured millions of bank customers their money was safe. • Federal Securities Act: May 1933 required Corp. to provide complete information on all stock offerings & made them liable for any misrepresentation

  5. Relief Programs During The 1st New Deal(ALPHABET AGENCIES) • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): sought to raise crop prices by lowering production. They wanted to REDUCE agriculture production. • Tennessee River Valley Authority (TVA):It focused on building dams that made rural electrification possible. They provided electrical power. It’s still around today. • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):Put young middle aged men 18-25 to work building roads, parks, planting trees, & helping soil erosion. It paid a wage of $30 a month and supplied free food and lodging in work camps. It is no longer around today. • National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA):was an American statute which authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry. It also sought to promote industrial growth by establishing codes of fair practice for individual industries. It helped businesses by bolstered industrial prices. • Civil Works Administration (CWA):Provided 4 million immediate jobs during the winter of 1933-1934. Some thought that the CWA were “make-work” projects and a waste of money. But it built 40,000 schools and paid the salaries of more than 50,000 teachers in rural areas.

  6. The Public Works Administration (PWA):Provided money to states to create jobs chiefly in the construction of schools and other community buildings. Eleanor Roosevelt had a big part in the PWA. • National Recovery Administration (NRA):Set prices of many products and established standards, it interrupted the trend of wage cuts, falling prices, and layoffs. It was created to help businesses. • The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC):Provided govt. loans to homeowners who faced foreclosure because they couldn’t meet their loan payments. • Federal Housing Administration (FHA):This agency continues to furnish loans for home mortgages and repairs today • Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA): was to provide direct relief for the needy. Half the money was to furnish food & clothing. The other half was for the funding of work relief programs. • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC):It insures bank deposits. It’s still around today. • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC):Congress created it to regulate the stock market. It’s still around today. • Social Securities Administration (SSA):1935, Old-age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses. Unemployment compensation system, and an aid to families with dependent children and the disabled. With all the welfare that was handed out the New Deal failed to address the low prices for agricultural workers.

  7. New Deal under Attack • While millions benefited from the New Deal Programs it did NOT end the Depression and opposition grew. Many Critics believed the New Deal interfered with the workings of a free-market economy

  8. Liberal Critics • Liberal Critics argued that the New Deal did not go far enough to help the poor and to reform the nation’s economic system. Progressive Critics • Progressive Critics argued that the New Deal did not do enough to redistribute the wealth within the American economy.

  9. Conservative Critics • Argued that Roosevelt spent too much on direct relief and used the New Deal policies to control business and socialize the economy. • They were particularly angered by laws such as the AAA and the NIRA which they believed gave the Fed. Gov. too much control over the agriculture and industry • They claimed the New Deal went TOO far in its attempt to help reform the economy.

  10. Court Packing • The Supreme court began to oppose the ND, declaring that many of the agencies were unconstitutional • Fearing further Court decision FDR proposed that congress allow him to appoint 6 new SC justices. • This “Court Pack Bill” aroused the GREATEST opposition in Congress and the press. • Many people believed that the president was violating principles of judicial independence and the separation of powers.

  11. 2nd New DealFDR re-elected 1936 • 1935: The administration was looking for was to build on programs established during the first 100 days. • The 2nd New Deal was a wave of legislation that included MORE social welfare benefits.

  12. The New Deal enjoyed widespread popularity, and President Roosevelt launched a second burst of activity. • The 2nd 100 days began

  13. Dust Bowl By the mid- 1930s thousands of small farmers lost their farms. This epidemic was described in John Steinbeck’s “The Grapes of Wrath”

  14. The Dust Bowl was a major economic crisis of the 1930s1932-1936 The entire U.S. received lower than average rainfall. The “High Plains” suffered the most (particularly Kansas) South Dakota to the Panhandle of Texas

  15. There were 5 states involved in the Dust Bowl • The heart of the dust bowl was the panhandles of TX, OK, & parts of CO. NM. and KS. Because a large portion of the people came from Oklahoma they were called: “Okies” or “dustbowlers” • The people from the south plains mostly headed from east  west to California on Route 66: OK, TX, NM, AZ, CA Photos by Dorthea Lange of the migrant workers and their plight helped to win aid for the workers.

  16. Causes • Between 1920-1930 5 million acres of natural vegetation were plowed up on the plains. • When drought struck and the winds came the balance of nature was upset. • The dust bowl ended in 1941 with the return of ample rainfall, along with conservation methods: Replanting native grasses, Contour plowing, & tree planting as windbreaks

  17. Helping Farmers • The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act: Paid farmers for cutting production of soil depleting crops and rewarded farmers for practicing good soil conservation methods. • The Second AAA: it did not include a processing tax to pay for farm subsidies, a provision of the 1st AAA that the Supreme Court had declared unconstitutional.

  18. Agencies • Social Security Act: System of old-age insurance which required most American workers and their employers to participate • Over 65 • Monthly pension • 1942 • It included also unemployment compensation, aid for dependent children and aid for disabilities such as blindness. Social Security was the most important achievement of the New Deal • Reflected the growing opinion that the federal govt. had a responsibility to help the elderly as well as those put out of work by the economy

  19. Concern about SS today • Today there is concern about the SS system because the American population is aging and there may not be funds to meet their retirement needs. • Also there are more elderly people receiving money than there are people in the current workforce to supply it. • Lastly people are living longer and longer and may be collecting more money in the future due to the length of their life.

  20. WPA (Works Progress Administration): $5 billion to create new jobs in public works projects • 2nd AAA (1938): was to raise farm income in 2 ways • Restricting production • Paying subsidies to farmers • NYA (Natural Youth Administration): High school & College students find part time jobs so that they could continue their education • Resettlement Administration – Moved farmers to more productive land and created “greenbelt towns” (model small towns)

  21. Effectiveness of the New Deal • The effectiveness of the New Deal in ending the Great Depression is difficult to measure because the US involvement in WWII rapidly accelerated economic growth in the United States.

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