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(Human) Communication

(Human) Communication. LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin. Table of Content. Communication : Jakobson’s model Nonverbal communication Languages Objectives: Understand the intricacies of nonverbal communication.

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(Human) Communication

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  1. (Human)Communication LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin

  2. Table of Content • Communication: • Jakobson’s model • Nonverbalcommunication • Languages • Objectives: • Understand the intricacies of nonverbal communication. • Learn a bit of terminologyneeded to speak of the world’slanguages • References: • A Concise Introduction to Linguistics (Rowe & Levine, 2012) • (Chapter 1: The Nature of Communication) • Qu’est-ce que la langue? (Leclerc, 1989)

  3. Communication Definition Jakobson’s Communication process

  4. Communication • _________________ is a behaviour, or the ______________________, that affects the behaviour of others. • When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment. • The message is placed into a __________. • Humans have a highly elaborate code called _______.

  5. Communication • What is communication? • 1 a the process or act of communicating; bthe exchanging or imparting of ideas and information, etc. • 2 a piece of information, a letter or a message. • 3 social contact. • 4 (communications) the various electronic processes by which information is conveyed from one person or place to another, especially by means of wires, cables or radio waves. • 5 (communications) the science and activity of transmitting information, etc. http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?title=21st&query=

  6. Communication • Who? • To whom? • What? • How?

  7. Communication Process (Jakobson) Topic of reference Context Information Sender Message Receiver Channel Air • EXAMPLES: • Commercial • Website • Kanzi - computer Code Languages: English, French, etc.

  8. Communication • The communication process of ______and _________ will depend on a number of factors: • Culture • Presuppositions • Prior information • Subjective interpretation • Experience

  9. Nonverbal Communication Some Types of nonverbal communication: Kinesics Proxemics

  10. Nonverbal Communication • Spoken word: • Body posture, gestures, facial expressions: • Voice tone and inflection:

  11. Nonverbal Communication • Nonverbal communication is the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, posture, opinions or ____________ without the use of words, using

  12. Nonverbal & Cultural Misunderstanding • VIDEO: Body Language: An International View (2006) • Pointing: Miscommunication:

  13. Types of Nonverbal Communication • Kinesics : involves muscles or body movement:

  14. Types of Nonverbal Communication • Proxemics : how people perceive and use space.

  15. Languages Distinction between: Language, languages & Speech Languages Dialects

  16. Language • Language • 1 any formalized system of communication, especially one that uses sounds or written symbols which the majority of a particular community will readily understand. • 2 the speech and writing of a particular nation or social group. • 3 the faculty of speech.

  17. Language, Language and Speech

  18. The world’s Languages According to you, why could these stats be debatable? • Geographic distribution of the world’s languages Living Languages Percentage Americas 1,013 15% Africa 2,058 30% Europe 230 3% Asia 2,197 32% The Pacific 1,311 19% TOTAL 6,809 (Source: Ethnologue (1996), www.ethnologue.org)

  19. Languages Across the World • Top 10 languages by first language population: 1) Chinese (Mandarin) 873 014 000 (+178 000 000 L2 speakers) 2) Spanish 322 029 000 (+60 000 000 L2 speakers) 3) English 309 352 000 (+200 000 000 L2 speakers) 4) Hindi 180 764 000 5) Portuguese 177 457 000 6) Bengali 171 070 000 7) Russian 145 031 000 (+110 000 000 L2 speakers) 8) Japanese 122 434 000 9) German 95 393 000 (...) 17) French 64 858 000 (+50 000 000 L2 speakers) Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: chapter 8 (O’Grady, 2009; p. 289)

  20. Galaxy of Languages (Calvet, 1999) • Hyper-central Language • Super-central Language • Central Language • Peripheral Language

  21. Gravitational Model (Calvet, 1999) GRAVITATIONAL MODEL: • Hyper-central Language • Super-central Language • Central Language • Peripheral Language

  22. Dialects • Dialect: • A _______ or _______variety of a languagecharacterized by it’sownphonological, syntactic, or lexical properties. • Wewill use the term « _______ » in this class instead of speaking of dialects.

  23. Pidgin • Pidgin: A _______ that emerges when speakers of a _______ language are brought together in a stable situation requiring _______ _______ _____________; it has _______ _______ and generally is considered to have a _______ _______ _______ _______.

  24. Creole • Creole: A variety that arises as the _______ ______ of the children of members of a _______ speech community.

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