Language of Anatomy

1. Language of Anatomy

2. Language of Anatomy What is this fin called?

3. Language of Anatomy Why is the back of your hand called the dorsal surface?

4. Language of Anatomy To understand anatomy, common terms must be used.

5. Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person: • STANDING STRAIGHT

6. Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person: • STANDING STRAIGHT • FACING FOREWARD

7. Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person: • STANDING STRAIGHT • FACING FOREWARD • PALMS OUT OR FACING FORWARD

8. Anatomical Position

9. Anatomical Position This defines a persons: • Front and back also known as • Ventral and dorsal • Anterior and posterior

10. Anatomical Position This defines a persons: • Left versus Right

11. Anatomical Position This defines a persons: • Top and Bottom also known as • superior (cranial) and inferior • cephalad and caudad

12. Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline

13. Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline Lateral- away from the midline

14. Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline Lateral- away from the midline Intermediate-between

15. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)

16. Directional Terms Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body

17. Directional Terms Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body Distal- further from the trunk of the body

18. Directional Terms Superficial-Towards the surface

19. Directional Terms Superficial-Towards the surface Deep- towards the center of the body

20. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)

21. Body Planes &Sections Most anatomical studies, especially those involved with radiographic studies, MRI’s and CAT scans, use specific planes to study an area of the body.

22. Body Planes &Sections Sagittal plane-is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves.

23. Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (c) Median section (midsagittal) Median (midsagittal) plane Intestines Rectum Vertebral column

24. Body Planes &Sections Frontal planes-are vertical cuts that divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.

25. Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (a) Frontal section (through torso) Left and right lungs Frontal plane Spleen Liver Heart Stomach Arm

26. Body Planes &Sections Transverse Planes- cut the body into inferior and superior sections

27. Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Transverse plane Liver Aorta Pancreas Spinal cord Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall

28. Body Planes &Sections Oblique Planes- are diagonal cuts between the horizontal and vertical planes.

29. Body Cavities The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the: • Dorsal body cavity

30. Body Cavities The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the: • Dorsal body cavity and • Ventral body cavity

31. Body Cavities The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions: • The cranial cavity which encases the brain

32. Body Cavities The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions: • The cranial cavity which encases the brain • The vertebral or spinal cavity which encloses the spinal column

33. Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (a) Lateral view

34. Body Cavities The ventral body cavity is more anterior and is the largest cavity, it contains the internal organs known as the VISCERA.

35. Body Cavities The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions: • The thoracic cavity

36. Body Cavities The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions: • The thoracic cavity and the • Abdominopelvic cavity

37. Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (a) Lateral view

38. Membranes of theBody Cavities The walls of the ventral body cavities and outer surfaces of the organs are covered by a thin, double layered membrane called the Serosa.

39. Membranes of theBody Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts: • Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls

40. Membranes of theBody Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts: • Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls • Visceral serosa covers the organs

41. Membranes of theBody Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts: • Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls • Visceral serosa covers the organs

42. Membranes of theBody Cavities Together they form a potential space which has a small amount of lubricating fluid called Serous fluid.

43. Language of Anatomy

44. Language of Anatomy

45. Language of Anatomy

46. Peritonitis Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma.

47. Peritonitis Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma. Leads to the organs adhering to each other, restricting movement. VERY PAINFUL

48. Pericarditis Inflammation of the serous membrane around the heart.

49. Anatomical Regions and Quadrants The Abdominopelvic Region is large and has many organ systems. It is divided up into smaller quadrants for study.

50. Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)