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The Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The Origins of the Industrial Revolution . Agricultural Rev. brought about the Industrial Rev. . I. The Agricultural Rev. . Before 1600s = villagers given small land plots Also, had common lands for pastoralism 1600s = wealthy landholders bought up land Enclosed land w/fences or hedges

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The Origins of the Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Origins of the Industrial Revolution

  2. Agricultural Rev. brought about the Industrial Rev.

  3. I. The Agricultural Rev. • Before 1600s = villagers given small land plots • Also, had common lands for pastoralism • 1600s = wealthy landholders bought up land • Enclosed land w/fences or hedges • Enclosure movement (Great Britain) • Reached height = early 1800s • Demand & prices rose on ag. products (1800s) • Consequences of enclosures • 1. forced small farmers out (became tenant farmers) • 2. farmers experimented w/new methods

  4. Jethro Tull • Original way of sowing seed = wasteful • Created the seed drill (1701) • Also, uprooted weeds • Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townshend • Developed crop rotation • Wheat => turnips => barley => clover

  5. Jethro Wood • Iron plow w/STANDARD PARTS • New techniques & machines = expensive • Demand for farm laborers decreased • Moved to cities = LABOR FORCE for I.R.

  6. II. Factors of Production • I.R. began in G.B. (had factors of production) • LAND, CAPITAL, & LABOR! • Land = all natural resources • Coal & iron-ore • Great harbors & rivers • Capital = $ & goods (tools, machinery for production) • Brits had $ = invest in new businesses • Labor = industrial workers • Growing pops & migration into cities

  7. Other reasons why G.B. = • Overseas colonies • Other overseas trade • Govt. support for commerce British Empire: 1919

  8. III. The Textile Industry • Cotton textile industry (first to mechanize) • 1600s = Brit imported raw cotton, employed spinners & weavers (domestic system) • Spinners = spun cotton into thread • Weavers = wove thread into cloth

  9. A. New Inventions • Improvement of the loom (weaving cloth) • 1733: John Kay • the flying shuttle • Mechanized weaving

  10. 1764: James Hargreaves • the spinning jenny • Mechanized spinning

  11. 1769: Richard Awkwright • Water frame – driven by water power • Too big for cottage industry • Opened spinning mill • Leads to factory system

  12. B. Effects of Mechanization • Demand for cotton increased • Most came from U.S. • BUT, cotton was not profitable (SEEDS!?) • 1793: Eli Whitney – cotton gin

  13. IV. Steam Engines • Water power = early I.R. (drawbacks?) • Answer = STEAM! • 1712: Thomas Newcomen – first steam engine • 1760s: James Watt – patented modern steam engine (replaced water as power source)

  14. V. Transportation • Roads were poor

  15. A. Roads & Canals • John McAdam – developed the “macadam” roads • Small stones topped a roadbed of larger stones • Heavy wagons wouldn’t sink • Private investors built roads • “Turnpikes” = $$$

  16. Rivers = transportation • Used canals w/locks

  17. B. Railroads & Steamboats • 1814: George Stephenson • Steam locomotives for miners • 1825: world’s first RR line (27 mi.) • Entrepreneurs invested in RRs • From Liverpool to Manchester • 1829: the Rocket won competition for locomotive • 1830: Liverpool-Manchester RR opened (SUCCESS!)

  18. Effects of Locomotives: • 1. spurred industrial growth • Manufacturers could transport materials & finished products • 2. created new jobs (RR workers & miners) • 3. boosted England’s ag. & fishing industries • 4. allowed rural people to take jobs in cities

  19. Robert Fulton • Est. first inland steamboat service • the Clermont (Hudson River 1807) • 1838: the Great Western • Samuel Cunard = the Cunard Line (1839) across Atlantic Ocean

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