OUTPUTS, PROGRESS TO DATE AND PLANS TO CLOSURE

1. OUTPUTS, PROGRESS TO DATE AND PLANS TO CLOSURE G3: Water Governance and Community Based Management Ganges Basin Development Challenge

2. PRESENTATION • Reminder on our objectives • G3 research activities • Overall puzzle: description of the activities, outcomes • Experimental games • Preliminary results from household survey • Upcoming research questions

3. G3: Objectives

4. G3: Objectives Understanding the actors, communities and institutions

5. G3: Research Questions • Is community management the best way of managing coastal polders? If so, under what circumstances does it work? • If community management is indeed the way forward, what are the constraints that communities face in polder management? • What kind of policies and institution are needed so that communities can participate in management of polders?

6. G3: Study sites

7. G3: Research framework and impact pathway g • IMPACT • Contribute for building up longer term resilience among the communities who live in coastal areas in Bangladesh Activities • Data & Cases • Participatory mapping • Situation analysis • In-depth case studies • Experimental Games • Household survey • WMO survey • Policy Analysis & Communications • Research papers • Policy briefs • Workshops • Participatory Research Research Validation • Collaboration with local universities • Focusing on PRA methods and inviting different opinions from different stakeholders • Validation workshops • Outcomes • Polders managed in a way that helps improve food security and livelihoods Partners Shushilan (NGO), IWM, BAU, BWDB , LGED, consultants Regional and national policy makers Coastal communities, local government institutions

8. G3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

9. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Desk reviews

10. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Desk reviews Qualitative survey

11. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Desk reviews Infrastructures mapping Qualitative survey

12. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Desk reviews Infrastructures mapping Qualitative survey Participatory maps

13. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Official consultations Desk reviews Infrastructures mapping Participatory maps Qualitative survey

14. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Official consultations Desk reviews Infrastructures mapping Community consultations Participatory maps Qualitative survey

15. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Official consultations Desk reviews Infrastructures mapping Community consultations Experimental games Participatory maps Qualitative survey

16. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Conflict case study Official consultations Desk reviews Infrastructures mapping Community consultations Experimental games Participatory maps Qualitative survey

17. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Conflict case study Official consultations Desk reviews Gender case study Infrastructures mapping Community consultations Experimental games Participatory maps Qualitative survey

18. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Conflict case study Official consultations Desk reviews Gender case study Infrastructures mapping Community consultations West Bengal case study Experimental games Participatory maps Qualitative survey

19. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Conflict case study Students thesis Official consultations Desk reviews Gender case study Infrastructures mapping Community consultations West Bengal case study Experimental games Participatory maps Qualitative survey

20. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Conflict case study Students thesis Official consultations Desk reviews Household WMO survey Gender case study Infrastructures mapping Community consultations West Bengal case study Experimental games Participatory maps Qualitative survey

21. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS Conflict case study Students thesis Official consultations Desk reviews Household WMO survey Gender case study Infrastructures mapping Community consultations West Bengal case study Experimental games Participatory maps Qualitative survey

22. Household WMO survey HOUSEHOLD SURVEY Preliminary descriptive results

23. Phase 1 – Qualitative phase • Focus group discussion, key informant interviews • Participatory mapping • Cases studies: institution, gender • Situation analysis, to identify institutions livelihoods, social processes, operation and maintenance in the polders and subproject. INTRODUCTION • Deepening • G3: Water governance and community based management • Phase 2 – Quantitative phase • Use findings from qualitative phase for quantitative research that models different livelihood impacts based on different governance modes and structures. • Measuring

24. PURPOSES OF THE QUANTITATIVE SURVEY • Bring quantitative answers to our research questions • Draw a comprehensive overview of the household vulnerability • Focus on operation and maintenance in water management at the household and community level

25. DETAILED SAMPLE HH questionnaire WMO questionnaire

26. PROJECT SITES AND DESCRIPTION

27. FINDINGS …

28. POVERTY LEVEL Assets index • 3 different indices has been created using Principal Component Analysis to capture the wealth level of each HH • Housing Index - - - using material of roof, floor, toilet, tube-well • Domestic Asset Index - - - using information about 20 household items like radio, sewing machine, table etc. • Productive Asset Index - - - using information about 22 productive assets like tube-well, pump, livestock etc. • Next for each index the 33rd & 66th percentile is identified based on the whole sample. • Used to create a discrete index with 3 levels

29. Polders 30 & LT fare very badly ; while JB AND 43 do quite well at housing index. POVERTY LEVEL Assets index – Cont… Clear ranking : JB>3>JK>30>LT>43 Group 1 = Very Good Group 2 = Not so good not so bad Group 3 = Bad Surprisingly JK & LT are best ; 30 & 43 are also just slightly behind, while 3 & JB lags behind

30. LAND • Latabuniahas a lower proportion of small farmers although it is one of the poor polders Area measured in acres • Average number of plots per HH varies from 3 - 4.5 • The most important cropping season is Kharif-2

31. AGRICULTURE & AQUACULTURE Latabunia is totally dependent on agriculture + aquaculture, while Jabusa has least dependence Aquaculture is important for polders 3 & 30, while 43 & LT has some No aquaculture activities in JK & JB Except for JB, in all the polders approximately 20% of the people face water problems

32. Aman rice is the most important crop, across all polders. • Polder 43 & JK are most diversified in terms of crop production , whereas Latabunia is at the other extreme with just two crops.

33. INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES - across Gender • Significant difference in yearly income earned from other activities between male (BDT 75530) and female(BDT 32543). • Female participation is less in High Income Generating Activities like Trade & Services. • Female participation in terms of numbers is highest in Poultry, Sewing, Agricultural Labourer, Cash for Work, NGO and Petty commerce, which are the Low income generating activities • Across Polders, daily labour seems to be the main source of IGA. However, in JB since it is close to industrial area trade and service are main sources. • Activities done per HH=1.333 • 42% Males & 7.6% Females are involved in IGA

34. SOCIAL GROUP :Participation • Participation in social group among females (8.81%) is significantly less than that among males (12.21%) • In social groups influencial positions like president , secretary , etc are mostly held by male members • NGO’s dominates female participation in social groups

35. Water intrusion in high tide is the most common reason. Salinity is also important, specially for 30 • and JB. WMO :Water related problems The most important problem is water scarcity across polders followed by water logging

36. GATES

37. CANALS AND EMBANKMENT Monetary payment for embankment and voluntary work for canal?

38. CONCLUSION… Next steps ……. • Use Regression analysis to find out what affects the decision to participate in operation/maintenance and the willingness to pay ,at the HH level. • Create and use village Level characteristics like Social capital , Income inequality and Land distribution, geographic characteristics etc. to understand the dynamics of Water governing Institutions that develop there. • Understand how water related issues affect livelihood choices and create economic vulnerabilities , by using the collected data on water related problems faced by the HHs and the data on their economic activities . • Use hydrological data like salinity, level of land, etc to find out how livelihood choices, cropping pattern, etc are affected

39. EXPERIMENTAL GAMES Experimental games

40. INTRODUCTION • Embankments constructed by the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) across the entire coastal zone in the 1960s and 1970s. • 1st objective: Protection for tidal surge, flood, natural calamity • 2nd objective: Increasing agricultural productivity • Operation and maintenance of the infrastructures is the key challenge to ensure the sustainability of the system. • GoBthat requires local communities to organize themselves into Water Management Organizations (WMOs) and contribute towards ‘minor’ maintenance of water infrastructure. • National Water Policy of 1999 (MoWR, 1999) • Guidelines for Participatory Water Management, (MoWR, 2001).   POLICY PURPOSE Improve water governance and the maintenance of the infrastructure for enhancing the productive uses of land and water resources. RESEARCH PURPOSE To understand the factors that help or impede collection of voluntary maintenance funds from members of WMOs.

41. MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND Water policy in Bangladesh Protection by temporary and seasonal earthen Maintenance by the landlords (zamindars) Voluntary labour from their tenants. Before 60s • Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) • No mention of participatory water management. • BWDB ‘khalashis’ responsible for managing and maintaining coastal embankments. 60s – 80s • Involvement of communities in design and implementation of projects introduced. • Financial contribution towards maintenancenot required. • Late 1980s, entry of LGED in the water sector • Community contribution towards maintenance tested for the first time. 80s • Realization that regular upkeep of infrastructure is the Achilles heel of entire infrastructure investments. • GoB enunciated community participation as its core principle of water management through its NWP (MoWR, 1999) and GPWM (MoWR, 2001). • Requirement of financial contribution by the community for maintenance 90s

42. MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND Maintenance situation • Perception of the infrastructures condition • 20% of the households consider the gates as being in good condition • 15% of the households consider the canals as being in good condition • Contributions • Both for LGED and BWDB data shows that maintenance funds always fall to answer to the requirements. • 91% of the household did not contribute to maintain the gates in 2012 • 95 % of the household did not contribute to maintain the canals in 2012

43. MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND Institutional differences • Theoretical and empirical research shows the importance of institutions in forging cooperative outcomes (Bardhan, 2005; Agarwal, 2001; North, 1990). • Importance of institution in sustainable management of common property resources(Wade, 1988; Ostrom, 1990;Baland& Platteau, 1996)   LGED BWDB • Entered the water sector in 1980s, culture of community participation was already well entrenched. • Small Scale Water Resources Sector Development Project (SSWRDSP), phase I in 1994, now phases III and IV, funding support until 2017. • WMCAs registered with the cooperative department. • Communities contribute 4% of the capital cost of physical infrastructure. • Maintenance funds , yearly audit statements • NGOs and extension agencies for implementing community participation • Declining field presence. • WMGs or WMAs registered as rural cooperativessince 2008. • No contribution of the WMO required at initial stage. • Encouragement of the WMO for starting maintenance fund and collecting subscriptions

44. METHODOLOGY Public good game Purpose of the game • Designing a fictive situation to reproduce “real life” • Understanding the determinants of contribution to maintain a public good. • Understanding the willingness to contribute to common maintenance funds. • Understanding the behaviours: from cooperation to free-riding Sample • Game played 18 times: • - Polder 3, polder 30, polder 31 • - Latabunia, Jabusha, Bagachra-Badurgachra • 5 players per game 90 players • 30 rounds per game 2700 decisions

45. METHODOLOGY Procedure of the game • Each player has to decide the allocation of a cash amount (20, 35/10) among a common fund and private fund. • The incentive for contributing in the common fund is that if the fund reaches a certain threshold (50 or 95), a payment is added (25 or 75). • The common pool is then distributed between the players.  The rules vary from one session to another to reflect real life conditions.

46. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Average contribution per round

47. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Information effect

48. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Unequal gain distribution effect Equal Endowment

49. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Inequalities in endowments effect Equal Endowment

50. REGRESSION ANALYSIS Model • Individual characteristics • Age, sex, religion • Level of education • Main source of income, land size • Participation and contribution Individual contribution Individual earning • Group characteristics • Number of relatives and friends • Heterogeneity of the group (sex, religion, wealth) • Institutional context • Round characteristics • Game-rules variables • Past events from the game (success, contributions, earning) Equal Endowment