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GREECE. The Geography of Greece. Led to the development of western civilization in Europe and America. Made great contributions to math, science, art, literature, philosophy, and government. Importance of the ancient Greek Civilization. City-States.
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Led to the development of western civilization in Europe and America. Made great contributions to math, science, art, literature, philosophy, and government Importance of the ancient Greek Civilization
City-States Small individual political units and their surrounding areas.
Cities were separated by mountains and bodies of water which kept them from uniting into one country. Instead of one ruler for all city-states, the Greeks preferred having their own government in their own community. Reasons for City-States
The Polis • A city built on 2 levels • Top level – Acropolis (high city)- temples of marble to the gods • Bottom flat level – Agora-walled main city with public building, theatre, etc.
Govt. of the Polis • 1st was a Monarchy • 2nd Aristocracy – land holding elite • 3rd oligarchy – power in hands of small class usually from business class or middle class
SPARTA Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.
Art, literature, and philosophy did not interest the Spartans They were mainly interested in a military way of life which prepared boys and men for war. City-State of Sparta
The Southern part of Greece is called the Peloponnesus Weak babies were abandoned to die because Spartans needed healthy strong warriors and mothers Spartan women trained to strengthen their bodies too Ultimate death was fighting in battle to save Sparta Sparta=Southern part of Greece
The 25,000 Spartans had to be ready to defend themselves against a revolt by 500,000 “helots”(People taken prisoner during wars and forced into slavery) Helots farmed the soil and were required to give part of their crops to their master(this angered them and caused revolts) Once a year Spartans declared war on the Helots to kill suspected troublemakers. Sparta
Spartan Culture • Boys trained for the army at age 7 • Boys encouraged to steal • Instead of reading and writing, they learned to jump, run and use a weapon • People age 20-30 became cadets and policed the helots.
Was a democracy Assembly made laws-included all male citizens. Assembly met once a week on a hillside and debated laws. Male citizens took turn being govt. officials Males served on juries. Enjoyed freedom of speech. Women, slaves and foreigners didn’t have the rights given to male citizens. Athens
Unlike Sparta, Athenians were very much interested in art, literature, philosophy, science, etc. Public buildings were beautiful while homes were small and plain. People gathered in the marketplace to discuss daily news. Athenian Culture
Athenian Athletics • Sports were important to Athenians(developed strength and coordination) • Athletes competed from all over Greece in various sporting events at Olympia-(led to the present day Olympics) • Winners of Olympic events were heroes throughout Greece.
POW’s were used as slaves. Women had different roles than men. Could not be govt. officials or members of the Assembly Were not taught to read or write. Their place was in the home. Temples were built to honor the gods but…(religion did not influence peoples lives as much as some other civilizations.) Athenian civilization was more advanced than any other civilization on Earth. Athens
Athens is above • The Peloponnesus • Ruled by Archons- Chief Officials • Famous archons were • Solon • Cleisthenes • Pisistratus
Early Athenian Lawgivers • Draco • “draconian” • Solon • Cleisthenes • created the first democracy!
Persian Wars: Famous Battles • Marathon (490 BCE) • 26 miles from Athens • Athenian forces defeated the Persians • Thermopylae (480 BCE) • 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass • Salamis (480 BCE) • Athenian navy victorious
Persian Empire stretched from Egypt to Greece to India King Darius (and his son Xerxes) attacked Greece in an attempted takeover Herodotus(first historian) wrote the history of the Persian wars Persian Wars
Larger Persian army (of Darius) loses to the smaller Athenian Army Athenians had superior tactics Story of Phiddipides gives us the modern day marathon race Battle of Marathon
75 miles from Athens-Spartan led Greek troops defended this narrow pass Spartans heroically defend the pass-all Spartans die at hands of Persians Heroics of Spartans give Athens time to prepare for next battle Battle of Thermopylae
Naval battle between Athens and Persia Persian ships are bigger and in greater numbers Athenians draw them into small bay at Salamis Smaller quicker Athenian ships destroy Persian navy Battle of Salamis
Persians try to divide the Greek states – fail Combined Greek forces of Athenian, Spartan and others defeat the Persians End of War Plataea
Allow Athens to remain free and enjoy their Golden Age With their popularity and strong navy, Athenians begin to force other Greek states into her empire (Delian League) Effects of Persian Wars
Taxes from Delian League are used to rebuild Athens (Parthenon…) Other Greek states object and start Peloponnesian War Effects of Persian Wars
Pericles • Athens become most powerful city-state under Pericles(460B.C. to 429B.C.) • Believed all men should take part in govt. • Issues decided on direct democracy • 6000 men sometimes in assembly Athens prospered in the age of Pericles
Great Athenian Philosophers • Socrates • Know thyself! • question everything • only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness. • Plato • The Academy • The world of the FORMS • The Republic philosopher-king
Great Athenian Philosophers • Aristotle • The Lyceum • “Golden Mean” [everything inmoderation]. • Logic. • Scientific method.
Athens: The Arts & Sciences • DRAMA (tragedians): • Aeschylus • Sophocles • Euripides • THE SCIENCES: • Pythagoras • Democritus all matter made up of small atoms. • Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”
Peloponnesian War War between Athens and Sparta 431-404 BCE
