Faults and Earthquakes

2. Faults and Earthquakes • ______________ – the shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface • ______________ – a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume • ______________ - a change in the shape of rock caused by stress • ______________ – squeezing stress • ______________ – stress that pulls something apart • ______________ – parallel forces acting in opposite direction • ______________ - A break in the Earth’s crust where slabs of rock slip past each other

3. _______________ _______________ • Forms the upper half of the fault • Block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault Label A Hanging wall Label B Footwall

4. Strike Slip Fault What type of force causes this fault?___________ • Draw the arrows to show the directions they move.

5. Reverse (Thrust) Fault What type of force causes this fault?___________ • Draw the arrows to show the directions they move.

6. Normal Fault What type of force causes this fault?___________ • Draw the arrows to show the directions they move.

7. ___________________ • A Mountain that forms where a normal fault up lifts a block of rock.

8. ___________________ • Pushing together of part of the earth's crust from the ends, causing it to fold and ripple in the middle.

9. ___________ and ___________ • Anticline – a fold in rock that bends upward • Syncline – a fold in rock that bends downward in the middle to form a bow;

10. ___________________ • Large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. Some form when vertical faults push up a large flat block of rock

11. Earthquakes • ___________ – point beneath Earth’s surface where the rock is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake • ___________ – the point on the surface directly above the focus • ___________ – vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during the earthquake

12. Seismic Waves

13. ___________ - (P waves) arrive first; earthquake waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordion. • ___________ - (S waves) come after the p waves; earthquake waves that vibrate from side to side and up and down. S waves cannot move through liquids. • ___________ – when P and S waves reach the surface; they move more slowly but produce the most severe ground movements

14. Faults and Earthquakes • Earthquake – the shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface • Stress – a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume • Strain - a change in the shape of rock caused by stress • Compression – squeezing stress • Tension – stress that pulls something apart • Shear – parallel forces acting in opposite direction • Fault - A break in the Earth’s crust where slabs of rock slip past each other

15. Shearing, tension and compression work over millions of years to change the shape and volume of rock • Any change in the volume of Earth’s crust is called deformation. It causes the crust to bend, stretch, break, tilt, fold and slide.

16. Three Types of Faults Strike-Slip Thrust (Reverse) Normal

17. Hanging Wall Footwall • Forms the upper half of the fault • Block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault

18. Strike-Slip Fault • Shearing creates strike slip faults. Rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little up or down motion

19. Normal Faults • Tension forces cause these faults. The fault is at an angle so that one block lies above the fault while the other lies below the fault.

20. Reverse (Thrust) Faults • Compression forces. Has the same structure as a normal fault, but the blocks move in the opposite direction.

21. Mountain Building • Over millions of years, fault movement can change a flat plain into a towering mountain range • Form by Faulting • Folding • Anticlines and Synclines • Plateaus

22. Fault-Block Mountains • A Mountain that forms where a normal fault up lifts a block of rock.

23. Folding Mountains • Pushing together of part of the earth's crust from the ends, causing it to fold and ripple in the middle.

24. Anticline and Syncline • Anticline – a fold in rock that bends upward • Syncline – a fold in rock that bends downward in the middle to form a bow;

25. Plateaus • Large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. Some form when vertical faults push up a large flat block of rock

27. Discuss with your partner/neighbor • What are the 3 main types of stress in rock? • Describe the movements that occur along each of the three types of faults. • How does Earth’s surface change as a result of movement along faults? • If plate motion compresses part of the crust, what landforms will form there in millions of years?

28. How does energy of an earthquake travel through Earth? • What are the different kinds of seismic waves? • What are the scales used to measure the strength of an earthquake?

29. 5sentences, main idea topic sentence • Do you think that Japan's new warning system will keep people safer during earthquakes? Why or why not? What are some benefits and drawbacks of the new system? • Support your answer with details from the article, as well as ideas of your own.

30. Earthquakes • Focus – point beneath Earth’s surface where the rock is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake • Epicenter – the point on the surface directly above the focus • Seismic waves – vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during the earthquake

31. Seismic Waves

32. Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake away from the focus, through Earth’s Interior and across the surface. • Energy is greatest at the epicenter • But the most violent shaking can occur km away from the epicenter

33. Primary waves - (P waves) arrive first; earthquake waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordion. • Secondary waves - (S waves) come after the p waves; earthquake waves that vibrate from side to side and up and down. S waves cannot move through liquids. • Surface waves – when P and S waves reach the surface; they move more slowly but produce the most severe ground movements

34. Seismic Waves

35. Seismic Waves • Through the Earth

36. When finished with the Achieve article and polls • Read pages 66-69 • Copy the definitions of the following words into your notes • Seismograph • Magnitude • Mercalli Scale • Richter Scale • Moment Magnitude Scale • Complete the thought question on a separate piece of paper to turn in at the end of class • Do you think that Japan's new warning system will keep people safer during earthquakes? Why or why not? What are some benefits and drawbacks of the new system? • Support your answer with information from the article, as well as ideas of your own.

37. Seismograph – records the ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through the Earth

38. Measuring Earthquakes • Magnitude – measurement of earthquake strength based on seismic waves and movements along the faults • Mercalli Scale – rates earthquakes to their intensity and how it affects people, buildings and land surface • Richter Scale - rating the size of seismic waves as measured by a seismograph. Accurate measurement for small nearby earthquakes

40. Moment Magnitude Scale • Moment magnitude scale can be used to rate earthquakes of all sizes near or far. Estimate the total energy released by earthquakes Colorado Earthquake tracking

43. Locating an epicenter

44. On a separate piece of paper. Due at the end of classRAP your answers!! • How does energy of an earthquake travel through Earth? • What are the different kinds of seismic waves? • What are the scales used to measure the strength of an earthquake? • Describe how the energy released at an earthquake’s focus, deep inside Earth can cause damage on the surface many kilometers away from the epicenter.

45. Fold the paper Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper into a taco. Step 2 Open the taco and fold it the opposite way making another taco and X-fold pattern on the sheet of paper. Step 3 Use the outside tabs for labels and inside tabs for writing information.

46. Labeling Definition & Picture Volcano Types of Eruptions Quiet – Violent - Hot Spots Definition & Picture Definition & Picture Shield Volcano Composite Volcano Extinct Active Dormant Cinder Cone Volcano Definition & Picture

49. With a partner explain the connection between earthquakes and volcanoes.

50. Ring of Fire • Area of earthquake and volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean