The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Introduction Summary of some changes Factors contributing to the Industrial Revolution Specific examples - Textiles, energy, transportation Timelines

2. “Industrial Revolution” first used by French Popularized by English historian Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883) Transformation of an agrarian society into an industrial society

3. “Revolution” implies rapid change The Industrial Revolution happened over 100-200 years More of a process rather than a time period Changes brought by industrialization were so thorough That “revolution” is an apt description

4. Changes both Technological and Socio-economic-cultural

5. Technological Changes Use of new basic materials – Iron and Steel New energy sources and fuels Coal – steam engine and generation of electricity Petroleum – Internal combustion engine Invention of new machines – increased production, less human effort New organization of work – Factory System Division of Labor, specialization of function Developments in transportation and communication Increased application of science to industry

6. Socio-economic-cultural Changes Improvements in agricultural productivity Wider distribution of wealth Decline of land as source of wealth – due to industries and international trade Political changes caused by shifts in economic power New policies to address needs of industrial society Growth of cities, working class movements Worker culture changed – craftsman to machine operator

7. Factors contributing to the Industrial Revolution - Capital available for investment in mechanical devices - Mobility of labor - Available markets - Merchant Marine - Political obstacles - Access to raw materials

8. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to Europe and the US The textile industry led the way

9. Imagine living in the early 1700s Most are farmers – grow their food, make almost everything they need by hand

10. Hard to keep in touch – no telegraph, no phones No cars, no trains, no planes

11. In early 1700s, many made textiles in their home Merchants delivered wool, cotton or flax Spinners made thread or yarn on a -

12. Spinning wheel

13. Weavers made cloth from the spun thread

14. 1733 John Kay developed the “flying shuttle” A home weaver used thread produced by 2-3 spinners With the flying shuttle, weavers used thread of 8 or more spinners Looms sat idle for significant time Intended for wool industry, applied to cotton Aggravated the thread supply problem http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCpYJ7iiS40

15. 1767 James Hargreaves developed the “Spinning Jenny” One wheel turned 6 upright spindles Kept it secret Eventually sold a few – lots of excitement about the speed Spinners felt threatened Angry mob attacked Hargreave's house, destroyed workshop and smashed all the Jennies they found Moved to Nottingham, received patent in 1770 – too late Many others already copied it and refused to pay royalty

16. Spinning Jenny

17. 1769 Richard Arkwright received patent for the Water Frame Spinning machine that used rollers to twist the yarn Multiple spindles Spun much faster than hand-driven machines Made stronger yarn Patent challenged and revoked in 1785 Some say he stole other's ideas Others say he paid others to invent for him First tried using horses to power his machine Built mill on river to use water power

18. Water Frame

19. Arkwright built a mill on the River Dewent Powered the mill by water power Father of the Factory System – combined power, machinery and labor Setup system of divided labor Each worker had specific task Jobs low skill Hired poor children and orphans, as young as 10 Mill ran 23 hours per day First time: Organized work plan Told when to show up Work at specific task all day

22. Local spinners and weavers refused to work at mill By 1790 Arkwright employed 5,000 people Angry mob burned to the ground a mill at Chorley Arkwright argued he was providing jobs for the poor Other businessmen built factories on river banks The cotton thread was still weak – weavers added linen to strengthen

23. 1779 Samuel Crompton Combined the moving carriage of the Jenny with Water frame rollers to make strong yarn of all fibers Some view “Crompton's Mule” as the decisive invention of the IR

24. Crompton's Mules http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDRXblrawKU

25. Other textile-related inventions Power loom Carding machines Bleaching and dyeing processes Automation of printing cloth

26. Industrialization of Textiles took 50-100 years Some machines could be used in the home Machines had troubles and broke down Reorganization to factories expensive and risky Hostility from workers – factory work governed by machines As inventions took hold in England demand for cotton soared Separating seeds from cotton slow

27. 1793 Eli Whitney invented a device that removed seeds from cotton

28. Effect on cotton production By hand, slave cleaned about 1 lb per day Cotton gin – hand cranked cleaned 50 lb/day Cotton gin – water driven cleaned 1000 lb/day No money from patent royalties on the Gin Developed a musket made by machine with interchangable parts Made money supplying the US government

29. Interchangable parts Replace the broken part of a machine, not the whole machine Maudslay's Lathe 1871

30. Water power problems Limited sites Water level varies Transportation problems Need power that is available anywhere Steam power long known about, but not very useful

31. 1698 Thomas Savery developed pump to pump water from mines Used condensing steam to create vacuum to pull water up Crude, dangerous, wasted energy 1708 Thomas Newcomen improved on the design More efficient, used in hundreds of mines around the world 1765 James Watt added a condenser to cool the steam Used 1/3 of the fuel of Newcomen's pump Vertical motion limited use – pumping or blowing blast furnaces

32. 1788 Watt made a rotary engine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YlJrdlg6R8

33. Steam engine uses Rail locomotives Ship power plants Mechanical power for variety of factories Pumping stations

34. Iron 1709 Abraham Darby invented coke smelting of iron Cast iron - Limited use, too brittle Wrought iron more workable and stronger 1784 Henry Cort Lowered carbon content in “puddling furnace”

35. Steel Steel is highly refined iron – much stronger than iron Remove silica, phosphorous, sulfur Carbon content 0.5-1.5% Very expensive and small volume before 1870 Henry Bessemer 1856 Developed process hot enough to remove impurities William Siemens 1866 Open Hearth process – mass production

36. Coal Steam engines and iron smelting drove coal demand Coal mines dangerous Water Poisonous or explosive gases 1815 Humphry Davy safety lamp Cave-ins Reduced in 1810 – wooden props support roof As problems fixed, dug deeper – accident rate stayed high

37. Coal mines Dug by hand Moved in baskets on back Dragged coal carts out Women and children worked

39. Horses used to haul coal Steam locomotives developed for mining

40. Transportation Early 1800s travel by foot, horse, horse-drawn carriage Goods by boat or wagon

41. Transportation Roads bad – muddy, rutted 1760 begin to engineer better roads

42. Passenger travel sped up to 10 mph Heavy, bulky items still slow High price of transport hindrance to market development James Brindley hired to build canal for Duke of Bridgewater To ship coal from his mines more quickly Subsequently hired to oversee construction of canal network By 1830 approx 2000 miles in operation Shipping raw material and finished goods much less costly Coal price cut in 1/2

43. Barton Aqueduct

44. Railroads Railroads replaced canals Originally rail-roads – used for horse-drawn wagons Opposed by coachmen, canal operators and land owners Steam locomotives Richard Trevithick built one for use in mining and iron works Cast iron rails too brittle to handle weight – 3 trips 1825 Stockton & Darlington Rail line Liverpool to Manchester 1829 Offered prize for fast, light locomotive George and Robert Stephenson won - “Rocket”

46. 1830s Trains average over 25 mph Freight charges less than ½ of road carriers Over 6,000 mi of track laid by 1850 Over 13,000 mi of track by 1870 ¼ of increase in British national income between 1840 - 1865 due to rail development

47. Exporting the Revolution Efforts made to limit the Industrial Revolution Mills had thick walls and small windows to prevent spying Britain - laws against export of spinning or weaving equipment Illegal for machine operators to leave the country

48. Samuel Slater – Father of the American Industrial Revolution English textile mill apprentice at 14 (1782) Promoted to mill supervisor US decided to stop buying British goods American business men look for help setting up textile factory Slater realized his opportunity 1789 memorized drawings of machinery Disguised as farmer left for NYC Met Moses Brown, RI merchant Built 1st American water powered cotton mill in Pawtucket

49. By 1800 over 100 employed Built several more successful mills in New England Foundation of later mills – training ground By 1810 dozens of mills in southern New England Slater introduced the RI Method of hiring Hired families rather than individuals Lived in company housing Shopped at company stores Studied at company run schools

50. Factories spun thread, weavers still worked at home 1810 Francis Lowell visited British textile mills Memorized how power looms worked Built factory for Boston Manufacturing Co. All operations from raw cotton to cloth Very profitable