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Alwin Kool, UNEP Chemicals for:

Uses of and Alternatives to POPs pesticides & Activities aiming at the promotion of alternatives to POPs pesticides. Alwin Kool, UNEP Chemicals for: The Sub-regional awareness raising workshop for PIC, POPs and the Basel Convention in Cairns, Australia, from 02-06 April 2001.

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Alwin Kool, UNEP Chemicals for:

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  1. Uses of and Alternatives to POPs pesticides&Activities aiming at the promotion of alternatives to POPs pesticides Alwin Kool, UNEP Chemicals for: The Sub-regional awareness raising workshop for PIC, POPs and the Basel Conventionin Cairns, Australia, from 02-06 April 2001

  2. Presentation content • The POPs pesticides • The current uses • The alternatives to POPs pesticides • The activities relevant to the replacement & better management of POPs pesticides

  3. Aldrin • Aldrin is a pesticide used to control soil insects such as termites, corn rootworm, wireworms, rice water weevil, and grasshoppers

  4. Chlordane • Chlordane is a broad spectrum contact insecticide that has been used on agricultural crops including vegetables, small grains, maize, other oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton and jute. • It has also been used extensively in the control of termites

  5. Dieldrin • Dieldrin has been used in agriculture for the control of soil insects and several insect vectors of disease • Principle contemporary uses are restricted to control termites and wood borers and against textile pests (WHO, 1989).

  6. DDT • DDT was widely used during the Second World War to protect the troops and civilians from the spread of malaria, typhus and other vector borne diseases • DDT is still used to control mosquito vectors of malaria in numerous countries.

  7. Endrin • Endrin is a foliar insecticide used mainly on field crops such as cotton and grains. It has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles.

  8. Heptachlor • Heptachlor is a non-systemic stomach and contact insecticide, used primarily against soil insects and termites. • It has also been used against cotton insects, grasshoppers, some crop pests and to combat malaria

  9. HCB (hexachlorobenzene) • HCB is a fungicide that was first introduced in 1945 for seed treatment, especially for control of bunt of wheat.

  10. Mirex • Mirex is a stomach insecticide with little contact activity. It's main use was against fire ants (US) • but it has also been used to combat leaf cutters in South America, harvester termites in South Africa, Western harvester ants in the US

  11. Toxaphene • Toxaphene is a non-systemic and contact insecticide that was used primarily on cotton, cereal grains fruits, nuts and vegetables. • It has also been used to control ticks and mites in livestock.

  12. Reasons • The Silver Bullet: • Malaria, eradication • Crop Protection • Silent Spring , Rachel Carson (1962) • Health/ Environment/ Ecology disruption

  13. Silent Spring 1962, Rachel Carson • What Rachel Carson noted over 35 years ago in Silent Spring could have been written yesterday: • "...we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. (Silent Spring, 1962)

  14. Current uses • Official use permitted by Authorities • e.g. DDT use for the control of Malaria • Unofficially un-registered uses (Illegal?) • sometimes Stockpiles are uses for other purposes • Illegal uses

  15. Sectors of use of present POPs • Agriculture sector • Public Health sector • Construction and Habitation

  16. Probably not Produced anymore Possible “residual” Uses through Stockpiles Reported uses include: termite control in tree nurseries and buildings insect control in Grain Storage soil pests in Maize possibly control of tsetse flies Ectoparasites on Cattle ALDRIN

  17. Probably not Produced anymore (last manufacturer stopped production in 1997) Possible “residual” Uses through Stockpiles Reported uses include: Termite and ant control in buildings, crops, nurseries and forest plantations control of Rhinoceros beetles CHLORDANE

  18. Probably not Produced anymore Possible “residual” Uses through Stockpiles Reported uses include: locust control termite control in tree nurseries, forest plantations, buildings and crops Insect control in Grain Storage Possibly control of tsetse flies Ectoparasites on Cattle DIELDRIN

  19. Still in production (up to 50,000 tons per year according to certain estimates, probably including production as an intermediate for dicofol manufacture Reported uses include: vector control (malaria mosquitos; sand and tsetse flies (leishmaniasis and trapanosomiasis); fleas (plague) illicit control of crop pests, e.g. lepidopteran DDT

  20. Probably not Produced anymore Possible “residual” Uses through Stockpiles (although it seems not to be used anymore) Reported uses include: control of lepidopteran pests in crops (maize, rice, cotton and sugarcane) control of mice and water voles ENDRIN

  21. Probably not Produced anymore (last manufacturer stopped production in 1997) Possible “residual” Uses through Stockpiles Reported uses include: Termite and ant control in buildings, crops, nurseries and forest plantations control of cut worms HEPTACHLOR

  22. Produced as an intermediate in dye production and as a By-product in the manufacture of other chemicals (e.g. production of Chlorinated pesticides) Probably not produced as a fungicide anymore Reported uses include: fungicide, particularly effective against bunt and dwarf bunt on wheat HEXACHLOROBENZENE (HCB)

  23. Some production of smaller quantities may still take place Reported uses include: termite and ant control in crops, grassland, forests and buildings fire retardant MIREX

  24. Believed to be out of production Possible “residual” uses through stockpiles Reported uses include: insect control mainly in cotton, but also in soybeans, vegetables and on livestock pests possibly control of tsetse flies control of ectoparasites on cattle TOXAPHENE

  25. Ban • A ban on a specific Pesticide • Stockpiles become Obsolete (if not already) • Stockpile shipment for Final Disposal

  26. Obsolete pesticides • Obsolete pesticide stocks include large quantities of banned Organo­chlorine compounds that are highly persistent in the environment FAO: Plant Protection Service, Pesticide Management Unit

  27. Pesticides clean-up • The obsolete pesticides in developing countries include Aldrin, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Fenitrothion, HCH, Lindane, Malathion, Parathion and many others • FAO:Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides

  28. The Alternatives to POPs pesticides

  29. Lessons learned • No simple replacement of a Pesticide by another Pesticide (No silver bullet solution) • Negative side effects • Resistance building • Decentralization of knowledge is key • (Eco) System approach

  30. Integrated approaches • Involvement of the Knowledge of the Whole System: • Ecosystem analysis • Community/Farmers knowledge

  31. Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Its the careful integration of a number of available pest control techniques that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and safe for human health and the environment • Not only does it involve minimizing the use of pesticides, it also involves a wide range of other practices aimed at growing a healthy crop.

  32. Farmer fieldschools • developing and supporting training which helps farmers to learn about the ecology of their fields and, as a result, enables them to make and implement decisions which are safe, productive and sustainable. • Picture: FAO Programme for Community IPM in Asia

  33. IPM’s farmer fieldschools • FAO Programme for Community IPM in Asia

  34. FAO's experience has shown that • IPM increases the sustainability of farming systems. • It improves social stability because it is institutionalized at the level of the farming community and local government. • IPM programmes are economically sustainable as they reduce farmers' dependence on procured inputs. • IPM addresses far more than purely pest management. It offers an entry point to improve the farming system as a whole. -e.g. healthier crops through better use of fertilizers. • The farmers' field school concept can be used to address other farming situations and extension problems.

  35. Integrated Vector Management (IVM) IVM uses the same concepts as IPM , of combining methods/products and strategies with an optimal mix adapted to the local situation, however introduction of IVM is at a very early stage compared to IPM activities

  36. IVM basics • To strengthen knowledge base on local vector ecology • Transition Vertical vector control programmes to community based Vector Control Programmes • Capacity building in Cost effectiveness analysis of Vector Control • Coordination with Integrated Disease management

  37. POPs pesticide use after Stockholm • Countries have asked for acceptable purposes of uses of specific POPs Chemicals • List of Acceptable uses

  38. Aldrin: Art. in use ectoparasiticide Chlordane Art.in use Termiticide in buildings/roads ectoparasiticide DDT vector control Dieldrin Art. in use etc……available at the INC5 Final report List of Acceptable Uses for the intentionally produced POPs

  39. Activities relevant to the replacement & better management of POPs pesticides • UNEP, WHO & FAO • Global Environment Facility (GEF) • UNEP, UNDP and the Worldbank • Research Institutions • Regional level • Country level

  40. UNEP • The POPs Negotiations • UNEP’s Immediate Actions • Pesticides, Dioxins/Furans and PCBs • Set up an expert groupe on Termite control • Database on Experts to the use of POPs alternatives • Database on Alternatives to POPs pesticides • Cooperative work with SBC • Master list of actions

  41. Aldrin: legal aspects

  42. UNEP-GEF • Regional Based Assessment of Persistent Organic Substances (UNEP) • National Management Needs of Persistent Toxic Substances – Pilot Country Study • Reducing Pesticide Runoff to the Caribbean (UNEP) • Persistent Organic Pollutants, Food Security, and Indigenous Peoples in Arctic Russia (UNEP)

  43. WHO • DDT action plan • Role back Malaria • PEEM • etc...

  44. FAO • Prior Informed Consent (PIC) - Information on Certain Hazardous Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals in International Trade • International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides • IPM Global Facility • Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides • Set up an expert groupe on Termite control (with UNEP) • Pesticide Specifications and Quality Control Standards

  45. Examples of regional activities • FAO community IPM Programme (12 countries, Asia) • FAO Regional Vegetable IPM Programme (7 countries, Asia) • FAO Regional Cotton IPM Programme (6 countries, Asia) • PAHO/GEF Project on Comprehensive Action Programme to Phase out DDT and reduce the Long-term Effects of exposure in Mexico and Central America • etc...

  46. Examples of National Projects • National IPM programmes (Asia), NGO, bilateral • CARE- Bangladesh, Danida-Vietnam, Danida-Cambodia • Inventories of Stockpiles • Pesticide Clean-up projects • 4 • 5 • 6

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