1 / 32

REFERENCING IN ACADEMIC WRITING

REFERENCING IN ACADEMIC WRITING. PM Dr. Patricia Anthony Computer Science Program School of Engineering and Information Technology Universiti Malaysia Sabah. OUTLINE. Introduction The Role of Referencing When to Reference The model texts How to Reference

carlo
Download Presentation

REFERENCING IN ACADEMIC WRITING

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. REFERENCING IN ACADEMIC WRITING PM Dr. Patricia Anthony Computer Science Program School of Engineering and Information Technology Universiti Malaysia Sabah

  2. OUTLINE • Introduction • The Role of Referencing • When to Reference • The model texts • How to Reference • The Gaya UMS Referencing System (Art/Social Science) • The Gaya UMS Referencing System (Science) • Conclusion

  3. INTRODUCTION • using the words or ideas of others is not acceptable unless you reference those ideas • you must show the readers whose words and ideas are being used and where those words or ideas can be found • If you do not do this, you are, in effect, stealing other people's ideas (plagiarism) • Students often get mixed up and confused by the difference between references and reference lists.

  4. INTRODUCTION • A reference is the bracketed or footnoted piece of information within the text that provides an acknowledgment that we are using someone else's ideas. • A reference list should be attached to the end of the text. It provides the full bibliographic information for each of the sources we have referenced within the text.

  5. THE ROLE OF REFERENCING • it informs the reader of the source of your ideas so that he or she can distinguish between your words and ideas and those of others. • accurate referencing and lists of references are necessary to allow the reader to evaluate the information and read further into the area.

  6. WHEN TO REFERENCE • when you have included an idea in your essay or report which is not your own original idea and which is not common knowledge • You must reference the idea whether you have presented the idea in the author's original words, as a quote, or have paraphrased or summarised the author's idea into your own words. • You don't need to include a reference when the idea or concept is common knowledge in your discipline.

  7. THE MODEL TEXTS • Including referenced evidence increases the formality of a text

  8. THE MODEL TEXTS (formal) The inequity in the distribution of wealth in Australiais yet another indicator of Australia's lack of egalitarianism. In 1995, 20% of the Australian population owned 72.2% of Australia's wealth with the top 50% owning 92.1% (Raskall 1998, p287). Such a significant skew in the distribution of wealth indicates that, at least in terms of economics, there is an established class system in Australia. McGregor (1988) argues that Australian society can be categorised into three levels: the Upper, Middle and Working classes. In addition, it has been shown that most Australians continue to remain in the class into which they were born (McGregor 1988, p156) despite arguments about the ease of social mobility in Australian society (Fitzpatrick, 1994). The issue of class and its inherent inequity, however, is further compounded by factors such as race and gender within and across these class divisions. The relative disadvantage of women with regard to their earnings and levels of asset ownership indicates that within classes there is further economic inequity based on gender...

  9. THE MODEL TEXTS (INformal) Because only a few people have most of the money and power in Australia, I conclude that it is not an equal society. Society has an Upper, Middle and Lower class and I think that most people when they are born into one class, end up staying in that class for their whole lives. When all three classes are looked at more closely, other things such as the differences between the sexes and people's racial backgrounds also add to the unequal nature of Australian society. Women earn less than men and own less than men. Why is this so? Including referenced evidence increases the formality of a text

  10. HOW TO REFERENCE • several referencing systems • differ in two ways: • the format of the references • the location of the references • acknowledging sources is extremely important • consistency in referencing format is essential No matter what referencing system you adopt, you must use it consistently and correctly throughout your whole piece of writing.

  11. HOW TO REFERENCE • In-text referencing • incorporates information on the author of the material cited and the date of publication within the body of the text • Full bibliographic information for each of the sources referred to is provided in a reference list at the end • the notation system • places reference information either at the bottom of the page (footnotes), or at the end of the text (endnotes)

  12. EXAMPLE OF HARVARD SYSTEM REFERENCING Camperdown Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most historically significant cemeteries (Lucas, 1999). The cemetery contains the remains of many influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a cemetery (Gledhill, 1927, p1). A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the estate of Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on September 23, 1848(Gledhill, 1927, p1). The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate, was originally part of the 240-acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of the colony of New South Wales(King, 1934, p8). The cemetery served as one of Sydney's principal burial grounds from its opening, in 1849, until 1867(King, 1934, p4). Reference List Gledhill, P.W., Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for the Restoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, The Board of Trustees, Camperdown Cemetery, Newtown, 1927. Lucas, C. (updated 10 December, 1999, accessed 10 May, 1999), State Heritage, State Heritage Inventory - Item View, http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/herit/item.htmlKing, M., Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, NSW, Albert Holmes, Newtown, 1934.

  13. EXAMPLE OF FOOTNOTE REFERENCING Camperdown Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most historically significant cemeteries2. The cemetery contains the remains of many influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a cemetery3. A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the estate of Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on September 23, 18484. The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate, was originally part of the 240-acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of the colony of New South Wales5. The cemetery served as one of Sydney's principal burial grounds from its opening, in 1849, until 18676. Reference List 2C. Lucas. State Heritage, State Heritage Inventory - Item View, http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/herit/item.html (updated 10 December, 1999, accessed 10 May, 1999).3 P.W. Gledhill, Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for the Restoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, Newtown, 1927, p.1.4 ibid.5 M. King, Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, Newtown, 1934, p.8.6 ibid., p. 4.

  14. EXAMPLE OF ENDNOTE REFERENCING Camperdown Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most historically significant cemeteries i .The cemetery contains the remains of many influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a cemeteryii. A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the estate of Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on September 23, 1848iii. The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate, was originally part of the 240-acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of the colony of New South Walesiv. The cemetery served as one of Sydney's principal burial grounds from its opening, in 1849, until 1867v. Reference List iC. Lucas. State Heritage, State Heritage Inventory - Item View, http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/heritventory/search/item.html (updated 10 December, 1999, accessed 10 May, 1999).iiP. W. Gledhill, Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for the Restoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, Newtown, 1927, p.1.iiiibidivM. King, Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, Newtown, 1934, p.8.vibid., p. 4.

  15. The gaya ums Referencing system (arts/social science) • Author, date and page number • Author in the middle or at the end of the sentence: (Williams, 2006: 34) • Author is used to begin the sentence Williams (2006: 34) • Two or more authors (Adams et al., 2006: 35) • 2 authors with the same year of publications (Cheah 2005a: 77) (Cheah 2005b: 118)

  16. The gaya ums Referencing system (arts/social science) • Malay author (Ahmat Adam, 2005: 23) • Author with unknown year of publication (ChyeFook Yee, t.th.: 7) • Multiple references (Ahmat Adam, 2006: 35; Mohd SarimMustajab, 2006: 56) • Same author with different same year of publications (Cheah 2005a: 77, 2005b: 118) • Without author (AktaPerancangan Bandar danDesa 1976, 2001: 3; Seventh Day Adventist Encyclopaedia, 1966:45)

  17. The gaya ums Referencing system (arts/social science) Footnotes and endnotes • a number is placed in superscript within the text, and the full reference (including all bibliographic details) is placed either at the bottom of the page (footnotes), or at the end of the piece of work (endnotes). • A full reference list should also be provided at the end of the assignment. • the first footnote or an endnote reference to a source should contain all the bibliographic information necessary to identify it. • The second and subsequent references to a particular source may be abbreviated in two ways: by abbreviating the information of the first citation or by using Latin abbreviations such as ibidand op.cit..

  18. The gaya ums Referencing system (arts/social science) Footnotes and endnotes • Abbreviated information: • Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by doing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p. 126 • Anzai & Simon, p. 178 • If two works of the author are referred to, however, more information will be required; for example, • A. Baddeley, Human Memory: Theory and Practice, Allyn and Bacon, Boston,1990. • A. Baddeley, ‘Working memory’, Science , vol. 255, pp.556-559, 1992. • Baddeley, Human Memory, p. 345.

  19. The gaya ums Referencing system (arts/social science) Footnotes and endnotes • Latin abbreviations: ibid is the abbreviation of ibidem and means 'in the same place'. You use ibid for a reference entry when the citation is the same as the previous footnote or endnote. If the page number is different, you include the page number of the new entry after ibid. ibidsaves you writing out the full reference again; for example, • Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by doing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p. 126 • ibid. • ibid., p.157.

  20. The gaya ums Referencing system (arts/social science) Footnotes and endnotes • Latin abbreviations: op.cit. is an abbreviation of opere citato that means 'in the work cited'. op.cit. is used together with the author’s name and page number when the full reference has already been cited. • Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by doing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p. 126 • J. R. Anderson. Cognitive psychology and its implications, 2nd edn, Freeman, New York, 1985, p. 234 • Anzai and Simon, op. cit., p. 157 • Anderson, op. cit., p. 36

  21. The gaya ums Referencing system (arts/social science) Footnotes and endnotes • Footnote numbering can run: • through a whole document • begin afresh at each chapter • begin afresh at each page. • Endnote numbering can run: • through a whole document • begin afresh at each chapter • Footnotes or endnotes should be placed at the end of a sentence or clause rather than immediately after the word or phrase to which they relate (this reduces disruption to the reader).

  22. The gaya ums Referencing system (science) • Author in the middle or at the end of the sentence: (Williams, 1965) • Author is used to begin the sentence Williams (2006) • Two authors Mariam & Chee (2006) • More than 2 authors (Adams et al., 1994)

  23. The gaya ums Referencing system (science) • Author with multiple articles in a year (Cheah, 1998a) (Cheah, 1998b) • Malay Author (Ahmad, 1992) • Unknown year of publication (Ong, t.th.) • More than 2 references (Ahmat, 1992; Mohd Sarim, 1995)

  24. The gaya ums Referencing system (science) • Same author from different references (Cheah, 1998a, 1998b) • Unknown author (Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976, 2001)

  25. Ums format (referencing) • Based on APA Style (American Psychological Association) • References items are listed alphabetically at the end of the thesis • These same items are referred to in the body of the paper using In-Text style.

  26. Book (one author) Reference: Komisar, L. 1991. The new feminism. New York: Franklin Watts. In-Text: (Komisar, 1991)

  27. Book (two or more authors) Reference: Strunk, W. Jr., White, E. B. 1979. The elements of style (3rd Ed.). New York: Macmillan In-Text: (Strunk & White, 1979) (Strunk, White, & Smith, 1979) (Strunk et al., 1979)

  28. Book chapter Reference: Roll, W. P. 1976. ESP and memory. In J.M.O. Wheatley & H.L. Edge (Eds.), Philosophical dimensions of parapsychology (pp.154- 184). Springfield, IL American Psychiatric Press. In-Text: (Roll, 1976)

  29. Journal article (one author) Reference: Maki, R. H. 1982. Categorization effects which occur in comparative judgment tasks. Memory & Cognition, 10, 252-264. In-Text: (Maki, 1982)

  30. Journal article (two or more authors) Reference: Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R.M. 1971. The control of short- term memory. Scientific American, 225, 82-90. In-Text: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971) (Smith, Zappella, Rosen, Gustman, & Rock, 1994) (Smith et al., 1994)

  31. Journal article (two or more authors) Reference: Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R.M. 1971. The control of short- term memory. Scientific American, 225, 82-90. In-Text: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971) (Smith, Zappella, Rosen, Gustman, & Rock, 1994) (Smith et al., 1994)

  32. CoNCLUSION • General rules: • all the elements (except the author's initials and the year) are separated by commas • the author's surname appears first followed by the author's initials, separated by a comma • authors initials are followed by a full stop but no spacing • the citation ends in a full stop

More Related