Chapter 15: The First Global Age

1. Chapter 15: The First Global Age Section 1: The Search for Spices Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India Section 4: Encounters in East Asia

2. Section 1: The Search for Spices • Europeans Explore the Seas • Prior to the Renaissance, Europeans had been introduced to luxury goods from Asia via the Crusades and the overland trade routes established by the Mongol Empire

3. Trade Routes from Asia to Europe

4. Section 1: The Search for Spices • As the Renaissance was reaching its height, the growing population of Europe began to demand greater quantities of Asian goods • The most valued of these goods were spices, such as: • Cinnamon • Nutmeg • Cloves • Pepper

5. Section 1: The Search for Spices • Motives: • In the 1400s, Muslim and Italian merchants controlled most of the trade between Asia and Europe • They had a monopoly on Asian goods and charged high prices • The rest of Europe wanted to by-pass these middle-men and gain direct access to Asian goods • Direct access would mean cheaper prices for European consumers

6. Section 1: The Search for Spices • Improved Technology helped Europeans to travel the seas • Cartographers, or mapmakers produced accurate maps • The Astrolabe allowed sailors to determine latitude while at sea • The Caravel was a combination of the “squared” European sail and the triangular Arab sail that allowed for faster traveling of the ocean

8. Astrolabe

9. European Square & Arab Triangular + = Caravel

10. Caravel

11. Section 1: The Search for Spices • Portugal Sails Eastward • Prince Henry the Navigator created schools for sailors, commissioned (placed orders) cartographers to draw maps, and financed (paid for) the explorations of Africa • In 1460, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa and opened a sea route to Asia with his exploration

12. Section 1: The Search for Spices • Columbus Sails to the West • He convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to finance his “enterprise to the Indies” • Columbus spent several months in the Caribbean, which he believed to be India, and began calling the people he found Indians

13. Section 1: The Search for Spices • The Line of Demarcation • Spain and Portugal argued over who owned the lands that Columbus had explored • In 1493, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to mediate the peace • He set the Line of Demarcation dividing the non-European world into two zones: • Spain was to control all land to the west of the line, and Portugal all land to the east

14. Section 1: The Search for Spices • Continued European Exploration • Europeans continue to seek routes around and through the Americas: • In 1513, Spanish adventurer, Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from an American shore

15. Section 1: The Search for Spices • In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan begins his journey to circumnavigate or sail around the world • In 1522, the survivors of the journey returned home to be hailed as heroes • Of the original 5 ships and 250 men, 1 ship and 18 men returned (Magellan had died in 1521)

16. Section 1: The Search for Spices • Search for the Northwest Passage • In 1497, King Henry VII of England sent a navigator named John Cabot to seek a more northerly route to the new world • Cabot found rich fishing grounds off Newfoundland, which he claimed for England

17. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia • Summary: • Because of its location, Southeast Asia was affected by the cultures of China and India

19. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia • Southeast Asia is composed of a mainland and scattered islands • It is located between China and India • Modern countries there include Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia

21. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia • Ships traveling between China and India had to pass through Southeast Asian waters • Between monsoon seasons, ships waited in Southeast Asian ports • These ports became centers of trade and culture

22. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia • India and China influenced the culture of Southeast Asia • Indians traveling to Southeast Asia brought ideas about government, law, art and architecture • They introduced Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam to the region • In 111B.C., China conquered Northern Vietnam • The Chinese ruled Vietnam for 1,000 years • During that time the Vietnamese adopted many Chinese ideas

23. Section 2: Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia • Kingdoms emerged in Southeast Asia that blended Indian and Southeast Asian ways • The ruler of the kingdom of Pagan united the region in A.D.1044 and introduce Buddhism • The Kymer Empire thrived between 800-1350 • Kymer rulers became Hindus • The Srivijaya nation prospered between the 600s and the 1200s • As in other nations, its people added Hindu and Buddhist ideas to their own religious practices

25. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India • Summary: • Europeans used military power to build trading empires in Southeast Asia

26. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India • In 1510, the Portuguese took control of the Indian Ocean trade network from the Muslims • The Portuguese seized the port of Malacca, the most important Arab trading city • They also conquered cities on the east coast of Africa and destroyed Arab ships at sea • In a short time, Portugal controlled the spice trade between Europe and Asia

28. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India • By the late 1500s, Portuguese power in the Indian Ocean was declining • Meanwhile, the Dutch were setting up trading colonies around the world • In 1641 the Dutch captured Malacca from the Portuguese and began trading with China • Before long, the Dutch controlled the Asian spice trade

29. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India • Before the 1700s, the Mughal Empire in India was richer and more powerful than any European empire • The Mughal’s did not want to trade with the Europeans • Still, Mughal emperors allowed European trading companies to build forts and warehouses along the coast of India

30. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India • In the early 1700s, Mughal leaders ended their policy of religious toleration and conflicts began to arise • Civil war led to a decline in Mughal power

31. Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia & India • Then, the British East India Company forced the Mughal emperor to allow it to collect taxes in northeast India • Before long the company was the real ruler of the region • Slowly the Company spread its influence to other parts of India

32. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia • Summary: • China, Korea and Japan limited contact with western nations

34. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia • European traders reached China in 1514 • The Ming rulers of China were not interested in European goods because they thought the goods were not well made • They allowed Europeans to trade only at Canton and forced them to leave after each trading season ended

35. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia • When the Ming Dynasty declined, Manchu conquers from the west set up the Qing Dynasty • The Qing continued to limit European traders, reject foreign goods and refuse treaties • Later, this policy would prove disastrous

36. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia • Before 1500, Korean traders traveled all over East Asia • Then, in the 1590s, Japan conquered Korea • Less than fifty years later, the Manchus forced Korea to become a tributary state of China

37. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia • In response the Koreans decided to isolate themselves • Foreigners were not allowed in Korea • Shipwrecked sailors were imprisoned • Korea became known as the “Hermit Kingdom”

38. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia • At first, the Japanese welcomed European traders and ideas • The Japanese bought European weapons and learned how to build castles in the European style • Many Japanese converted to Christianity

39. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia • However, Japanese rulers did not trust the Europeans • In time they forced all Europeans to leave Japan and persecuted Japanese Christians

40. Section 4: Encounters in East Asia • By 1638, Japanese rulers had ended western trade and banned travel outside the country • Japan remained isolated for the next 200 years