Spontaneous Generation

1. Spontaneous Generation What is it?

2. Redi’s Experiment What do these results tell us?

3. NEEDHAM EXPERIMENT

4. Spallanzani’s Experiment

5. Pasteur’s Experiment

6. BIOGENESIS What is it?

7. Biogenesis

8. Bell Work: • In the natural selection lab which color butterfly was the most fit? Least fit? Why? Assignment: Darwin/Adaption Notes Adaptation Poster *Don’t forget to do your reflections before you leave class.

9. SPECIES: a group of organisms that can breed & produce fertile offspring. QUESTION: Can two different species mate & produce an offspring?

10. THIS IS A LIGER THIS IS A MULE

11. The Liger… Male lion and female tiger Like most hybrids they are sterile However an occasional female has been found which can reproduce. No fertile males have been found.

12. + Male Donkey Female Horse = Mule

13. POPULATION: a group of individuals of the same species that are not prevented from breeding & producing offspring. QUESTION: Name one circumstance in which 2 groups of a single species of squirrel might be prevented from breeding with each other. ANSWER: The groups may have gotten separated geographically and are unable to interact or breed.

14. Explain how a population is different than a species. POPULATION IS REFERRING TO A SPECIFIC GROUP OF A SPECIES NOT THE ENTIRE SPECIES.

15. BEAK FEST !!

16. ADAPTATION: is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of surviving in a particular environment. FITNESS: an organism’s ability to survive in order to reproduce in an environment.

17. Explain the relationship (not the definition) between the following two terms: ADAPTATION & FITNESS AS A SPECIES BECOMES MORE ADAPTED TO ITS ENVIRONMENT, ITS FITNESS WILL INCREASE.

18. EVOLUTION How does this happen?

19. HOW DID DARWIN COME UP WITH HIS HYPOTHESIS???

20. Darwin’s Voyage (1831) on the HMS Beagle

21. Could a new species arise from an ancestral form by the gradual accumulation of adaptation to a different environment? Four Galapagos finches and what they eat Darwin’s Evidence

22. Darwin’s Observations Scelidotherium Megatherium Galapagos Land Iguana Small Ground Finch Toxodon

23. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Published on November 24, 1859 Narrowly beating Alfred Wallace who was about to publish the same hypothesis.

24. When looking at several adaptations over time, one can see a species’ EVOLUTION!!!!!!!!!!

25. TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS Structural Behavioral Physiological Let’s look at each type as we consider 2 species: the tundra & icecap-dwelling arctic fox & the desert dwelling fennec fox.

26. arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) Structural Adaptation: The form that the organism takes. EX: Big ears and small ears of foxes. Heat escapes easily from the blood that passes through the vessels in the fennec fox’s ears. Cool blood from the ears then circulates through the body & keeps the fennec fox from overheating.

27. Can you think of another animal with large ears that might have the same benefits?

28. QUESTION: An arctic fox can weigh as much as 8kg. A fennec fox weighs at most 1.5kg. Make a claim for how this difference in mass is a structural adaptation to the foxes’ respective environments. ANSWER: The large size of the arctic fox allows it to retain more heat than the smaller fennec fox.

29. Behavioral Adaptation: These are innate (inherited) actions that individuals of the species perform. Arctic fox: Can be active any time of the day; ready to find food whenever available. Fennec fox: Is nocturnal; sleeps during the day & hunts at night

30. QUESTION: A fennec fox raised in captivity away from other fennecs will try to dig a burrow in its cage. Explain why burrow-digging is an innate behavior, not a learned behavior. ANSWER: The behavior is instinctive because the fennec fox did not have to be taught the behavior by another fennec fox.

31. Physiological Adaptation: Related to the biochemical processes at work within an organism’s body. Compare the processing of food & water: Arctic fox: food is scarce in winter; effective at storing food energy as fat. Fennec fox: little free water available; adapted to get all moisture it needs from fruit, roots, & leaves.

32. Adaptations Work Together Adaptations work together to produce a species fit for surviving in a specific environment. The big ears(structural) cools fox & gives acute hearing which helps when fox hunts & night (behavioral) & the fox has special retina; tapetum (physiological) that gives the fox night vision.

33. Amazing, Adorable Adaptations You must create an environment and organism (that don’t already exist) 1. Draw the environment on the front side of your paper (use at least 5 colors and your imagination) 2. On the back side of your paper describe the environment (temperature, plant life, atmosphere, soil type, etc) at least 5 things 3. Now create an organism that lives in your environment Draw your organism inside your environment On the back side of your paper list the following: 3 Structural Adaptations 3 Behavioral Adaptations 2 Physiological Adaptations Explain in detail how these 8 adaptations have increased the fitness of your organism.

34. Shaking of my antennae allows me to communicate Suction cup hands allows me to climb the trees for food. My big feet fill with air when needed to walk on the water to get away from predators

35. The Rate of Evolution Gradualism Punctuated equilibrium

37. GRADULISM PUNCTUATED

38. Bell Work • Please just be sure that all reflection questions are finished from last week. Complete sentences and neat. • Assignment: • Evidence of Evolution slides • Great Transformations Video Guide

39. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Records Molecular Records (Carbon Dating and DNA) Anatomical Records

40. Fossil Records • Fossils are the preserved remains, tracks, or traces of once-living organisms • Robert Hooke in 1668- 1st to propose that fossils are the remains of plants & animals. • Provides the most direct evidence for macroevolution

41. Missing Links Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus) : stood about 47 inches tall and weighed about 110 pounds. Took 15 years to unearth. Lived 4.4 million years ago Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) : 40 % complete skeleton. Lived 3.2 million years ago

42. Fig. 13.4 Whale “missing links” • Fossils have been found linking all the major groups • The forms linking mammals to reptiles are particularly well known

43. More Missing Links Archaeopteryx. The most primitive known bird. Lived ~150 million years ago. Ambulocetus: The walking whale. This animal could walk as well as swim. It lived ~50 million years ago.

44. Fossil Records Relative Dating(aka Law of Superposition) by Nicolaus Steno

45. Molecular Records Certain atoms are known to decay (break down) at a specific rate. Scientists can look at these atoms to determine how old an organic object is. Radioactive isotope 14C- gradually decays over time back to 14N (known as Carbon Dating) It takes ~5600 years for half of the 14C present in a sample to be converted to 14N. This length of time is called the half-life. Half life (t1/2): the time needed for half of the atoms of the isotope to decay For fossils older than 50,000 yrs scientists use other isotopes such as, potassium isotope t1/2 of 40K = 1.3 billion years to turn to argon (40Ar)

46. Molecular Record • New alleles (genes in DNA) arise by mutations and they come to predominance through favorable selection • Thus, evolutionary changes involve a continual accumulation of genetic changes • Distantly-related organisms accumulate a greater number of evolutionary differences than closely-related ones

47. Fig. 13.5 Molecules reflect evolutionary divergence The greater the evolutionary distance The greater the number of amino acid differences

48. Relict developmental forms Anatomical Record • Similar structural forms can be seen in various living organisms • Ex:Homologous structures, Analogous structures and Vestigial structures • All vertebrates share a basic set of developmental instructions