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Life Processes

Life Processes. Getting & Using Food: provides nutrients for an animal to carry out life processes. Movement: processes internally & externally Circulation: moving blood, nutrients, oxygen, and wastes throughout the body Respiration: process of providing oxygen and nutrients to the cells

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Life Processes

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  1. Life Processes Getting & Using Food: provides nutrients for an animal to carry out life processes. Movement: processes internally & externally Circulation: moving blood, nutrients, oxygen, and wastes throughout the body Respiration: process of providing oxygen and nutrients to the cells Growth & Repair: grow by increasing the number and size of cells. Repair – replacing damaged or longer functioning cells Secretion: production of liquid substances containing hormones and other materials Sensation: ability for an animal to respond to its environment Reproduction: process by which new members of species are created

  2. Animal Behavior Reaction of an animal to certain stimuli. Manner in which an animal reacts to its environment. Ethology Study of how animals behave in their natural habitat. Most animals behavior can be divided into two categories: Instinctive behavior: set in an animal at birth and causes animal to respond automatically to environmental stimulus. Learned Behavior: Imprinting: animal will attach itself to or adopt another animal or object as its companion or parent.

  3. Intelligence: animal’s ability to learn (A pig is highly intelligent!) Conditioning: animal learns by associating a certain response with a certain stimulus (Ex: Pavlov)

  4. Social Behavior Refers to the manner in which animals interact with each other. Sexual & Reproductive Behavior Certain behaviors associated with mating and reproducing. Ingestive Behavior Manner in which animals eat and drink. Animal Communication EXAMPLES: Bees Scout Bees Colony Horses Ears & Noises (whinny, snicker, etc.)

  5. Major Systems & Structures System Structures Circulatory Heart Digestive Stomach & intestines Integumentary Skin Endocrine Ductless glands Excretory Kidneys & bladder Muscular Muscles Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves

  6. Reproductive Ovaries/testes Respiratory Lungs Skeletal Bones, joints Lymphatic Lymphs (protect body from disease)

  7. Musculoskeletal System

  8. Anatomy: study of form, shape, and appearance of animals Physiology: study of functions of cells, tissues, organs, and systems of an organism Skeleton is divided into two major sections: axial skeleton: contains skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum appendicular skeleton: consists of bones of the limbs Together, bones and muscles provide the ability to move.

  9. Bones serve four basic functions: - structure - protection - mineral reserve - blood cell production Joints: form where other tissues join to bones Flexion: occurs where angle between two bones gets smaller Extension: occurs as angle between the bones increases Abduction: when apart is moved away from the body Adduction: occurs as part is moved closer to body

  10. Kinds of Bones Short: cube shaped; small carpal and tarsal bones Flat: two plates of compact bone with a layer of cancellous bone between (forms much of the skull) Irregular: complex bone with varying shapes. Ex: vertebrae & facial bones Sesamoid: small and embedded in tendons. About size of sesame seed Long: bone that’s longer than wide. Bones in legs and other structures. Include: tibia, femur, humerus, metacarpal, and metatarsal bones. Divided into diaphysis (shank) and epiphysis (enlarged ends). Contain growth plates (where cartilage is formed in layers that become bone. Cartilage: rubbery tissue found at ends of long bones and between vertebrae. Sometimes referred to as gristle.

  11. growth

  12. Circulatory System

  13. Blood: transports substances throughout the body and helps protect the body from infectious diseases Types of Blood Cells 1.) Red Blood Cells (RBC): carry oxygen 2.) White Blood Cells (WBC): help fight infection 3.) Platelets: aid in the normal clotting of blood CRT (Capillary Refill Time) can be observed via fingernails! The Heart Mammals have a four chambered heart. The pulmonary side is where blood pumps to lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. The second path delivers blood into circulation to move to entire body.

  14. Right Atrium Right Ventricle Arteries Lungs CO2 is exchanged for O2 Veins Heart Left Atrium Left Ventricle Circulatory System

  15. Typical Heart Beats Per Minute Species Typical Range Human 58-104 Cat 110-140 Dog 100-130 Horse 230-270 Cow 60-80 Hamster 300-600 Goat 70-135 Sheep 60-120 Swine 58-68

  16. Respiratory System

  17. Respiration: exchange of gases between animal and its environment Breathing is a two step process: inspiration – air taken into lungs expiration – air is forced out Nostrils Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Chest Two Bronchi Lungs Bronchioles Alveoli

  18. Brain controls the normal rate of respiration. Animal Respiration Rate (Breaths/Minute) Human 12 Cat 26 Dog 22 Cow 30 Horse 12 Sheep 19 Guinea Pig 90 Hamster 74

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