Taxonomy

1. Taxonomy • Classification is the grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria • Aristotle (394 – 322 B.C.) • Linnaeus’s System: Swedish naturalist (1707 – 1778)

2. Binomial nomenclature (scientific naming) 2 parts: ______________ _________________ Use scientific names because common names can vary or be misleading Can you think of any examples of this??

3. RULES: • 1. 1st letter of the genus is always capitalized. BUT the rest of the name including the epithet are lowercase. • 2. If a scientific name is printed in a book, handout or magazine, it should be italicized. • 3. When written by hand, both parts of the name should be underlined. • 4. After the scientific name has been written (or printed) once, it can be abbreviated. D. melanogaster

4. Nested Hierarchy • What does that mean?

5. TAXONOMY - Introduction to Animal Classification - All living things are divided into seven categories using Latin terms that can be understood worldwide. - Classification of living things is used to help identify different animals and to group them together with their relatives. 1. The first and largest category is the Domain. There are 3 Domains

6. To date there are four kingdoms: • Animalia, which is made up of animals; • Plantae, which is made up of plants; • Protista, which is made up of protists • Fungi, which is made up of mushrooms, mold, yeast, lichen, etc.

7. The next category is the Phylum. - There are several phyla within each kingdom. - The phyla start to break the animals (or plants, fungi, etc) into smaller and more recognizable groups. - The best known phylum is Chordata, which contains all animals with backbones (fish, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians). - There is also Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans); Mollusca(snails, squid, clam); Annelida (segmented worms); Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins) and many, many more.

8. The next category that makes up the phyla is the Class. - The class breaks up animals into even more familiar groups. - For example, the phylum Chordata is broken down into several classes, including Aves (birds), Reptilia (reptiles), Amphibia (amphibians), Mammalia (mammals) and several others.

9. The next category is the Order. - Each class is made up of one or more orders. - Mammalia can be broken down into Rodentia (mice, rats), Primates (Old- and New-World monkeys), Chiroptera (bats), Insectivora (shrews, moles), Carnivora (dogs, cats, weasels), Perissodactyla (horses, zebras), Artiodactyla (cows), Proboscidea (elephants) and many more

10. Orders can then be broken down into Families. - The order Carnivora can be broken down into Canidae(dogs), Felidae (cats), Ursidae (bears), Hyaenidae (hyaenas, aardwolves), Mustelidae (weasels, wolverines), and many more.

11. The next category is the Genus. • The family Felidae, for example, can be broken • down into • Acinonyx (cheetah), • Panthera (lion, tiger), • Neofelis (clouded leopard) and • Felis (domestic cats). • Finally, the genus is broken down into the Species. • The genus Panthera can be broken down to include • Pantheraleo (lion) and • Pantheratigris (tiger). • Note that the genus is placed in front of the species. It should be noted that most animals are given common names recognized outside of the scientific community and that these names may be different in each country. For example, in Canada a certain type of spider is known as the daddy long-legs and is known as the harvester spider in the US. Likewise a type of fly in the US is called the daddy long-legs and is known as the crane fly in Canada. However, the Latin term remains the same.