Working With Sources

1. Working With Sources

2. What to do with a Source • Set up • Summarize: give a concise (one sentence) overview of the big argument/idea being forwarded by the source. • Quote: only quote language that seems uniquely important, interesting, and that you NEED for your essay; don’t bother quoting what you can easily put in your own words. • Paraphrase: take specific sections of the source’s writing and put them into your own words, going “phrase by phrase.” Paraphrases are almost always longer than the original text. • Re-paraphrase quotations and your own paraphrases. Same the same thing more than once. • The Three E’s: exemplify, expand, evaluate

3. Introducing / Setting Up Sources Takes a Little Research Name of the Source (often a person) Name of the particular article / entry Date of source’s publication when relevant Source’s claim to fame or relevant demographic information Place that article/entry was published Other interesting/related background on the source

4. Ross Abrams, noted Taylor Swiftologist at Pop University, reviewed more than 500 hours of Taylor Swift concert footage and has discovered the secret to living a happy life. Taylor Swiftologist Robyn Royal, writing in The American Journal of Pop, reviewed more than 500 hours of Taylor Swift concert footage and has discovered the secret to living a happy life.

5. You Invent your own Ridiculous Source Introduction

6. Summarizing (find the right verb) • Verb List: suggests, tells, says, concludes, preaches, screams, reasons, rationalizes, reveals, explains, informs, clarifies, conveys, explores, alludes to, discovers, divulges, mentions, counters, extrapolates, shows, illustrates, illuminates, demonstrates, brings to light, announces, raises (the issue of), uncovers, examines, analyzes, breaks down, deciphers,

7. Summarizing (find the right verb) • Verb List: suggests, tells, describes, exemplifies, shows, explains, explores, exposes, highlights, displays, introduces, demonstrates, juxtaposes, conveys, composes, contemplates, proposes, deflects, reflects, inquires, portrays, sheds light on, reintroduces, illuminates, compares, talks about, contrasts, paints, illustrates, simplifies, reveals, emphasizes, delves, points out, analyzes,

8. Summarizing (find the right verb) • Verb List: suggests, tells, discovers, concludes, conducts, explains, acknowledges, examines, challenges, questions, highlights, ascertains, states, illuminates, illustrates, emphasizes, describes, validates, determines, sheds light on, draws upon, conveys, juxtapose, compares, contrasts, demonstrates, corrects, hypothesizes, theorizes, asks, decides, wonders, notes, contemplates, comments on, regards,

9. Paraphrasing * Para – next to (like parallel lines) * Phrase – the small parts of your sentence Para-phrase: put each phrase of the original sentence in your own words When you summarize, you reduce something down to its essential idea; when you paraphrase, you often expand the original as you explain it clearly and fully.

10. Air bacterial counts in close proximity to hand drying were 4.5 times higher for the jet air dryer compared with the warm air dryer, and 27 times higher compared with use of paper towels. Visualization experiments demonstrated that the jet air dryer caused the most droplet dispersal. - E.L. Best “Microbiological comparison of hand-drying methods” (2013) Paraphrase: Put another way, the number of germs that go from a person’s hand up into the air are around five times greater if the person is using a jet-air drier, the kind of high intensity driers you find in many bathrooms today, as opposed to a warm air dryer. Using ajet-air dryeractually puts27 times more germs up in the air than using a paper towel. Visualization experiments – which is where scientists use very precise cameras to record an event – showed that the droplets (or germs) traveled farthest from a person’s hands when using the jet air dryer.

11. Re-paraphrase • Say it again, BUT say it… • More concisely • More precisely • More poetically • More metaphorically OR • In a way that a different part of your general audience will appreciate

12. So, what this all means is that if you walk into a bathroom and you’ve got flu germs all over your hands, some of those germs will inevitably end up in the air after you wash your hands and wipe them on a paper towel, but if you use the jetair dryer, you are sharing a lot more of those flu germs with everyone else in that bathroom (assuming they’re breathing!) If you opt for one of those fancy-schmancy jet-air dryers, you’re spreading around more germs than when drying with a warm-air drier and a lot more germs than if you were using a paper towel; additionally, you’ve got a better chance of getting that guy in the far corner of the bathroom sick, because your germs are going to travel further. It turns out those jet-air driers are like germ windmills.

13. E.L. Best reports that , “Air bacterial counts in close proximity to hand drying were 4.5 times higher for the jet air dryer compared with the warm air dryer, and 27 times higher compared with use of paper towels. Visualization experiments demonstrated that the jet air dryer caused the most droplet dispersal.” Put another way, the number of germs that go from a person’s hand up into the air are around five times greater if the person is using a jet-air drier, the kind of high intensity driers you find in many bathrooms today, as opposed to a warm air dryer. Using a jet-air dryer actually puts 27 times more germs up in the air than using a paper towel. Visualization experiments – which is where scientists use very precise cameras to record an event – showed that the droplets (or germs) traveled farthest from a person’s hands when using the jet air dryer. So, what this all means is that if you walk into a bathroom and you’ve got flu germs all over your hands, some of those germs will inevitably end up in the air after you wash your hands and wipe them on a paper towel, but if you use the jet air dryer, you are sharing a lot more of those flu germs with everyone else in that bathroom (assuming they’re breathing!) If you opt for one of those fancy-schmancy jet-air dryers, you’re spreading around more germs than when drying with a warm-air drier and a lot more germs than if you were using a paper towel; additionally, you’ve got a better chance of getting that guy in the far corner of the bathroom sick, because your germs are going to travel further. It turns out those jet-air driers are like germ windmills.

14. Paraphrase the following:

15. The Three E’s Exemplify create / research / find your own examples of the idea being explained Expand expand on the implications of the idea. (“If the idea is true, than most likely…”) Expand on the context to the idea (“This theory is interesting when you consider that…). Expand the idea by connecting it to another source/current event/personal narration, etc. (“This reminds me of…) Evaluate evaluate the limitations and/or strengths of the source (time, relevance, etc.), evaluate the way the source makes its/his/her argument, etc.