Accelerator Complex Performance

1. AcceleratorComplex Performance Ioanis Kourbanis Fermilab Accelerator Division Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

2. Overview of Accelerator Complex Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

3. Overview of MI, Pbar Source and Neutrino Beams Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

4. Goals for FY05 • Install electron Cooling in the Recycler during the Fall ’04 shutdown and demonstrate cooling of antiprotons by the end of FY05. • Increase pbar production aperture by 25%. • Run Slip Stacking at 8E12 protons/pulse every 2 sec. • Stack at small stacks with a rate of 24E10 Pbars/hr. • Run the complex in Combined Shots operations. • Integrate 470 pb in 34 weeks. • Finish NuMI Installation and commission NuMI beam by early Spring. • Change the MiniBoooNE horn. Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

5. Schematic Layout of the Electron Cooling System Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

6. Electron Cooling • The maximum antiproton stack size in the Recycler is limited by • Stacking Rate • Longitudinal cooling in the Recycler • Longitudinal stochastic cooling of 8 GeV antiprotons in the Recycler is to be replaced by Electron Cooling • Electron beam: 4.34 MeV – 0.5 Amps DC – 200mrad beam spread – 99% recirculation efficiency • Installation of e-cool equipment in MI-31 and the Recycler tunnel complete • Commissioning of electron cooling in progress • Electron beam circulated in cooling section • Commissioning due to be completed by September 2005 Pelletron Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

7. Combined Shots • Extracting pbars from both the Accumulator and Recycler for the same store • Luminosity enhancement – larger amount of antiprotons for smaller emittances • Accumulator stack size limited to <200 mA • Stacking Rate • Transverse emittance vs Stack Size Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

8. Accumulator to Recycler Antiproton Transfers • Transfers between the Accumulator to the Recycler take about 1 hour to accomplish • Transfers frequency every 6-8 hours • To realize the full potential of electron cooling, in the Recycler, this time needs to be reduced to less than 15 minutes • Adopt a philosophy of being willing to lose a pbar transfer occasionally • Transfers frequency faster than every 2 hours Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

9. Antiproton Production – Slip Stacking • Slip Stacking is the process of combining two Booster batches at injection into in the Main Injector to effectively double the amount of protons on the antiproton production target Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

10. Antiproton Production – Slip Stacking Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

11. Antiproton Aperture - Pbar Production • The measured aperture of the initial stages of the antiproton production chain is about 70% of the available physical aperture. • An aggressive beam-based alignment program is under development to bring the measured aperture to the physical aperture. • Would increase the stacking rate by a factor of 2 • The beam based alignment scheme consists of 5 major components • Independent control of the quad gradients (done) • Beam position measurement system to measure orbit distortion due to varying quad gradients (in- progress) • Orbit control devices to center the beam through the quads (done) • Moveable control of tight apertures (stochastic cooling arrays) (in progress) • Loss monitor system to measure losses at tight apertures (done) • Most of the recent focus has been to complete the instrumentation upgrade • Extremely small beam currents ~10mAmps • The goal for this year is to increase the aperture for each plan to 78% of the available physical aperture which would result in a 25% increase in antiproton production rate Old New Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

12. Pbar Production for Run II Most Pbars stacked in one Week:1334E10 May 9 2005 Most Pbars send to Recycler in one Week: 672E10 April 25 2005 Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

13. Pbar Stacking Performance for Run II Most Pbars accumulated in one hour: 16.2E10, March 24 2005 Highest average stacking rate for one week 12E10, April 4 2004 Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

14. Tevatron Helical Orbit Separation • More separators • Higher separator voltage • Separator R&D • Different separator configuration • Polarity switches Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

15. Tevatron Instrumentation • Tevatron BPM Project • Joint CD/AD effort • A major success • Project making very good progress though completion date has slipped by a few months • An order of magnitude improvement in proton position measurements and new for pbars • Position resolutions in the range of ~10 -25 m • Will be extremely useful in understanding beams and lattice measurements. • Can see synchrotron and betatron lines, quadrupole oscillations, H-V coupling, etc. • 85% installed • ~ 50% connected/ commissioned • New Beam loss monitor system • New Ion Profile Monitor Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

16. Integrated Luminosity Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

17. Luminosity History • Luminosity increase is mostly due to: • Better performance of the injector chain • Introduction of the Recycler into operations • Alignment of the Tevatron • Decision to “run” the Collider • Rigorous approach to attacking operational problems • De-emphasis of long periods of dedicated machine studies Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

18. MiniBooNE Running and Proton Source Performance • Successfully replaced the failed MiniBooNE horn. • Proton Source had Record throughput for MiniBoone • 8.0x1016protons/hour • Delivered a over 5x1020protons in under three years of running • Proton Source is routinely delivering 7E16p/hr. • Cogging for Slip Stacking and NuMI is working well • Working on improving rf reliability and beam quality for slip stacking. Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

19. MiniBooNE Beam Performance Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

20. Proton Source Performance Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

21. SY120 • Established a Mixed Mode for SY120 with slip stacking for pbar production (2.8 sec long cycle with 0.65 sec spill) • A factor of 7 more spill sec than originally allocated • After NuMi was commissioned we switched to one 6 sec cycle every 2 min with dedicated SY120 beam (4 sec spill). • Maximize the spill sec while maintaining a reasonable length of MI flattop. • The average number of pulses per week was reduced by a factor of 12.5 but the number of spill sec was only reduced by a factor 1.9. • Allows us to inject additional Booster batches • Work on improving beam quality continues. Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

22. NuMI Extraction Kickers NuMI Kickers allow up to 6 Booster Batches to be extracted to NuMI Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

23. NuMI Running • First beam on target on Dec 4, 2004. (Beam extracted out of MI on the first pulse!). • NuMI running became operational on March 16 (mixed mode cycles). • After target fixes we resumed NuMI high Intensity running on May 5. • Currently we are running NuMI with 1.5E13P/pulse and with the pbar stacking rep. rate. • We are currently working on increasing the NuMI per pulse Intensity and running Dedicated NuMI cycles during shot set-ups. • We eventually plan to run at a constant rate of 0.5 Hz. Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

24. MI Mixed Mode Running MI Beam Intensity MI Losses (KJ) 105 Loss Monitor MI Beam Intensity~2.3E13p NuMI Beam Intensity~1.45E13p MI losses~2KJ NUMI Beamline Losses Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

25. NuMI Beam History for Last Week Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

26. NuMI Progress Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

27. NuMI Beam Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

28. MI Mixed Mode Losses MI Beam at 120 GeV (Slip Stacking only) Beam that leaked out during Slip Stacking Bunches to Pbar Target • During Slip Stacking a small fraction of the beam leaks out of the rf buckets and is recaptured in buckets adjacent to the 84 buckets extracted to the pbar target. • In the NuMI and stacking mixed mode cycles, most of this beam is kicked by the MI injection kicker and is lost at the 104 location. Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

29. MI Mixed Mode Losses • In MI we have implemented barrier buckets and our digital bunch by bunch dampers to reduced this loss. • So far we have managed to reduced the loss at 104 by a factor of 6-7 (as measured by our loss monitors). • Work is in progress in Booster to improve bunch rotations and further reduce this loss. Loss monitor at 105 (Blue trace) before(left) and after(right) anti-damping. Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis

30. Summary • We are on track to meet and exceed our integrated luminosity goal. • Recycler is operational (Combined shots) • TeV and Proton Source are performing very well • The Run II Upgrades are on track to provide over 8fb-1 by 2009 • Electron cooling is progressing well • Slip Stacking is operational • The major challenge left in Run II is the increasing the antiproton production rate • AP2- Debuncher aperture upgrade • Debuncher to accumulator transfers • Stacktail Momentum cooling uprade • Rapid transfers between the Accumulator and Recycler • NuMI beam has been commissioned. • Supporting two neutrino experiments and the Collider Program presents a challenge to both the Proton Source and the Main Injector. • Booster has to reliably provide high quality beam at high intensity and rep rate • Monitoring and controlling losses in MI Accelerator Complex Performance - Kourbanis