Lone Star: The Story of Texas

Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 2 Native Texans

Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 2: Native Texans Section 1: Prehistoric Cultures Section 2: The Southeastern Peoples Section 3: The Plains Peoples Section 4: The Puebloan Peoples Section 5: The Western Gulf Peoples

Prehistoric Cultures • How did the first people arrive in North America? • How do we learn about prehistoric cultures? • When did the first people arrive in Texas?

The First People in the Americas Scientists believe the first people arrived in North America from Asia between 14,000 and 30,000 years ago. These people were hunter-gatherers. They survived by searching for wild plants and animals to eat. The first Americans arrived in small bands over thousands of years.

Ocean levels fall Bering Strait becomes dry, forming a land bridge from Asia to Alaska Early Asian people cross the land bridge People settle in North America North America Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age create huge glaciers

Learning About the Prehistoric Past • Prehistory - the time before written records • Artifacts - objects made by humans that show how they once lived • Archaeologists - scientists who study and learn about past cultures from the artifacts they find • Pictographs - pictures drawn or painted on cave walls, ledges, and cliffs • Petroglyphs - rock carvings Archaeologists have learned much about early Native American life by studying the ancient campsites found throughout Texas. The tools, animal bones, and other objects they find provide clues about how the people lived. A process called carbon dating helps archeologists determine the age of the artifacts they find. Scientists also use DNA testing to study prehistoric people.

Early Peoples in Texas Indians of the Paleolithic Era • The Paleolithic Era lasted until about 6000 B.C. • The earliest Texans followed mammoths into Texas. • They lived in small groups and traveled on foot. • They hunted with spears tipped with flint. • To preserve meat, they created pemmican, a mixture of animal fat and berries. Indians of the Archaic Era • The Archaic Era lasted from about 6000 B.C. to about A.D. 700. • The Ice Age ended. Indians’ way of life changed. • They used atlatls, hand-held spear throwers, to hunt with greater precision. • They had better tools, such as flint knives, scrapers, and awls.

The Late Prehistoric Cultures • By A.D. 1400, Indians in East Texas and far West Texas lived in permanent villages and farmed. Because they no longer had to travel so much in search of food, they had time to make pottery and to develop ideas about society and religion. • On the dry plains of South Texas, people remained hunter-gatherers. • In the Panhandle and Central Texas, people hunted buffalo. They hunted on foot with bows and arrows.

Prehistoric Cultures - Assessment What makes scientists believe that Asians were the first people to reach America? (A) They found writings to support that theory. (B) Early Native American life closely resembled early Asian life. (C) There was a “land bridge” between Asia and Alaska. (D) They used carbon dating to support that theory. How do we learn about prehistoric cultures? (A) Early clothing and furniture give scientists much information. (B) Archaeologists study artifacts. (C) The hunter-gatherers left written records. (D) Archaeologists study weather patterns.

The Southeastern Peoples • How did the Indians of Texas organize their societies? • Why do we say that the Caddoes had the most advanced culture of the Texas Indians? • What are two bands that made up the Atakapan peoples? • Where did the Wichita peoples live in prehistoric times?

How Indians Organized Their Cultures Historians refer to Indian groups as peoples or cultures, not tribes. Not all Indians who had the same culture were members of the same tribe. Some Indians lived in small groups, or bands, instead of tribes: • Band - a band consisted of two or more extended families that lived together under one leader • Extended families - an extended family consisted of parents, their children, and all the parents’ grandchildren • Tribe - a number of bands who followed the same leader and shared the same territory and culture

The Caddo Peoples • The Caddoes moved to the Texas Piney Woods in the late prehistoric period. • They were organized into confederacies. A confederacy is an alliance of people or groups that unite for a common purpose. • Caddo is the name of a language spoken by about 25 separate tribes that lived in the region. • The Caddoes had the most advanced culture of all Texas Indians.

The Caddo Culture • Caddoes lived in villages. Their cone-shaped dwellings housed multiple families. • Caddo farmers grew corn, beans, squash, and sunflower seeds. • The Caddoes believed in a single creator. They also called on other gods and spirits for help in their daily lives. • Texas got its name from the Caddo greeting “Tay-yas Tay-yas,” meaning friends. • The Caddoes traded pottery and hunting bows across a vast area.

The Atakapan Peoples • Atakapans • Atakapans lived in five bands. One band was called the Bidais. The other four bands were called Akokisas. • They lived on the coastal plains from Louisiana to Galveston Bay. Bidais • Lived in the southern Piney Woods • Built permanent houses • Grew corn • Hunted deer and sometimes buffalo Akokisas • Lived along Galveston Bay • Fished along the coast in the summer • Hunted bear and traded dried fish with inland peoples in the winter

The Wichita Peoples • The Wichitas arrived in Texas in the mid-1700s. • They were shorter and darker than most other Texas Indians. They tattooed their faces and bodies. • The Wichitas were farmers and grew corn, pumpkins, and squash. Once they obtained horses, they became hunters. • During the winter they hunted buffalo. • In the spring, they returned to their villages to plant crops. • Their winter houses were tipis, cone-shaped tents made of poles covered with animal skins.

Prehistoric Cultures - Assessment What is the difference between a band and a tribe? (A) Bands hunt and travel. Tribes live in villages. (B) There is no difference between the two. (C) A tribe consists of two or more extended families. A band is a number of tribes who follow the same leader. (D) A band consists of two or more extended families. A tribe is a number of bands who follow the same leader. What are two bands included in the Atakapan peoples? (A) Caddoes and Tipis (B) Wacos and Tawakonis (C) Bidais and Akokisas (D) Wichitas and Wacos

The Plains People • Why was the buffalo important to the Tonkawas? • What relationship did the Apaches have with other nearby tribes? • How did horses change the life of the Comanches? • How did the Kiowas’ culture differ from the cultures of other groups?

The Tonkawas • The Tonkawas were a friendly people, fighting only when necessary to protect their land. • A group of independent Tonkawa bands united as a tribe in the early 1700s. • The buffalo were their main source of food and gave them materials for making clothes and tools. • Tonkawas lived in tipis covered with buffalo hides. • Over time, the Apaches and Comanches pushed the Tonkawas east, where buffalo were scarce. • They then became gatherers and small game hunters.

Apaches Six tribes with a common language = Two were important to Texas. • Lipan Apaches • Hunted buffalo in winter • Farmed in the summer • Rode horses • Bands elected chiefs • Mescalero Apaches • Hunter-gatherers in New Mexico • Harvested food and drink from mescal cactus The Apaches

The Comanches The Comanches first appeared in northern New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle in the early 1700s. They were nomads, people who wander from place to place in search of food. They depended on the buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter. • Comanches lived in tipis, which were easily moved. • Comanche women had short hair. • Comanche men wore their hair in long braids. The Comanches wanted the Lipans’ buffalo hunting ground. After a long, bitter conflict, the Comanches drove the Lipans south toward San Antonio.

The Kiowas Kiowas arrived in Texas after 1832 and settled in the northern part of the Panhandle. After years of fighting, the Kiowas and Comanches became allies. Allies are people who help each other for mutual benefit. • The Kiowas were nomads and buffalo hunters. • They lived in tipis and traveled in bands. • They ate, dressed, and looked like the Lipans and Comanches. • The Sun Dance was an important religious ceremony for the Kiowas. It strengthened the Kiowas by bringing together all of the bands each year.

The Plains People - Assessment How did Apaches relate to other nearby tribes? (A) They drove them away. (B) They invited them to join their tribe. (C) They lived peacefully alongside them. (D) They became allies with them. What event strengthened the Kiowas by bringing together all the bands each year? (A) The Festival of the Stars (B) The Sun Festival (C) The Sun Dance (D) The Buffalo Gathering

The Puebloan Peoples • What set the Pueblo cultures apart from other Native Americans? • How did the Jumanos get enough food in their desert climate? • How were the Conchos similar to the Jumanos? • How did the Tiguas grow their crops?

Pueblo Indians Pueblo Indians • The Jumanos established villages between the Pecos River and the Rio Grande. • Jumanos lived in large structures called pueblos. Pueblos were made from adobe, a mixture of wet clay and straw that is baked in the sun. • They used the river to irrigate their crops. Drought, periods with little or no rain, made growing crops difficult. • Jumanos traded with many of the Plains Indians. • Jumanos were among the first Texas Indians to have horses. • Jumanos were called the “striped people” because they painted horizontal stripes on their faces. • The Apaches ended the Jumanos’ trade and drove them toward the Rio Grande.

The Concho Indians • The Conchos and the Jumanos were allies. Only one band of Conchos, the Chizos, lived in Texas. • The Conchos were hunters and farmers. They lived in huts that were covered with grass or animal skins. They painted their faces and bodies, and sometimes decorated their hair with feathers. • The Conchos disappeared in the late 1600s. Some historians believe they merged with the Jumanos. Others believe they may have died out from diseases carried by the Spanish.

The Tiguas In the 1600s, the Tigua Indians refused to join a revolt against the Spanish. Other Pueblo peoples turned against them. About 300 Tiguas went with the Spanish when they left New Mexico. They settled along the Rio Grande at a place called Ysleta. Ysleta was the first permanent town in Texas. • Tiguas farmed and hunted small game. • They made pottery from clay. • Ysleta had a kiva, a large room used for meeting and religious ceremonies. • The Tigua adopted the Catholic religion, which they blended with their own religious practices.

The Plains People - Assessment What was the effect of the Tiguas’ decision not to take part in the revolt against the Spanish? (A) Spain gave them gold in appreciation. (B) They had to become Roman Catholics. (C) The Spanish won the battle. (D) The Pueblo people turned against them. What is a kiva? (A) A meeting of Puebloan tribes (B) A large room used for meetings and religious ceremonies (C) The chief of a Pueblo town (D) A sharp tool used by the Pueblo Indians

The Western Gulf Peoples • How did the environment influence the way in which the Coahuíltecans lived? • How did the Karankawas use the land on which they lived? • How many Native Americans live in Texas today?

The Western Gulf Peoples Coahuíltecans Lived on the dry plain across the Rio Grande until 1800 Lifestyle • Hunter-gatherers • Lived in dome-shaped huts covered with hides or reed mats • Food was scarce Fate • Driven out of the plain by Lipan Apaches and missionaries • Many died of disease • Some moved to Mexico

The Karankawas • The Karankawas fished, hunted, and gathered plants along the Gulf Coast. • They traveled by foot or in dugout canoes, made from hollowed out tree trunks. • Karankawas communicated by sending smoke signals. • There is some evidence that the Karankawas practiced ceremonial cannibalism. Diseases spread by the Spanish killed many Karankawas. American settlers in Texas fought and killed many more. Settlers attacked and killed the last remaining group of Karankawas in 1858.

Texas Indians Today • About 100,000 Native Americans live in Texas today. • Most are from tribes that came from outside Texas. • Warfare or disease destroyed most of the original Texas tribes. • Those that survived had to settle on reservations. • Tiguas, the only remaining culture from this chapter, have a tiny reservation in El Paso. Reservation - land set aside by the government for use by Indian peoples

The Western Gulf Peoples - Assessment How did the Karankawas make canoes? (A) They made them from a mixture of mud and clay. (B) They lashed strips of wood together, like a raft. (C) They wrapped animal hides around stick frames. (D) They used fire to hollow out tree trunks. What is a missionary? (A) A person who gives donations to people in need (B) A person sent to a place to convert its people to certain religious beliefs (C) A person with one specific goal (D) A person who teaches survival skills

Lone Star: The Story of Texas

Lone Star: The Story of Texas

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