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Modern Philosophy

Modern Philosophy. Part Three. Historical Background The Enlightenment. Introduction The Age of Enlightenment Philosophy & Science Four Pillars of the Enlightenment Nature Reason Education & Experience Progress. Newton Background. Background Newton Hero Science

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Modern Philosophy

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  1. Modern Philosophy Part Three

  2. Historical BackgroundThe Enlightenment • Introduction • The Age of Enlightenment • Philosophy & Science • Four Pillars of the Enlightenment • Nature • Reason • Education & Experience • Progress

  3. Newton Background • Background • Newton • Hero • Science • The end of Aristotelian science • Empirical • Rejection of speculative theory

  4. Newton Impact • Newtonian Model for Philosophy • Philosophers Influenced by Newton • Julien La Metrie • Influence on Epistemology & Philosophy of Mind • Newtonian Science & Religion • Reaction • Newton & Religion • God in the Gaps

  5. The Rise of Disbelief • Theism • Reduced Theism • Deism • The Skeptics • Naturalistic Atheism

  6. The French • The Philosophes • Philosophes • Social Criticism • Influences • Encyclopedie

  7. John LockeBackground • Background • Early years & education • Public life • Revolution • Works • The End • Locke’s Project • Age of enlightenment • Motivation & task • Methodology • Ideas • Historically plain method

  8. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Critique of Innate Ideas • Goals • Innate Ideas • Universal Agreement • Universal Knowledge • Moral Principles

  9. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Theory of Simple Ideas • Origin of Knowledge • Newtonian Influence • Simple Ideas • Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Sensation • Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Reflection • Only two sources of ideas.

  10. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Theory of Complex Ideas • Origin of Complex Ideas • Classification of Complex Ideas • Compounding • Abstracting & Abstract Ideas • Primary & Secondary Qualities • Qualities • Primary Qualities • Secondary Qualities • Powers • Locke’s general reasoning for the distinction

  11. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Representative Realism & Judgment • Representative Realism • Judgment • The Mohneaux Problem • Degrees of Knowledge • Knowledge • Intuitive knowledge • Demonstrative knowledge • Sensitive Knowledge • Certainty

  12. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Refutation of Skepticism • The Skeptic • Locke’s Humorous Reply • First confirmation: production of ideas • Second confirmation: unavoidable • Third confirmation: pain & measurement • Fourth confirmation: Sense support each other • Adequate • Practical approach

  13. John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity • Substance • Idea of substance • Locke’s elephant story • Ideas of material substance & spiritual substance • The Identity of Living Things • Living creatures • Man • Identity of Man • What is Man?

  14. John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity • Consciousness & Personal Identity • Person • Consciousness • Consciousness makes Personal Identity • Forgetting • Clothing analogy & hand argument • Personal Identity & Immaterial Substance • Is it the same person through change of substance? • Two distinct persons & one immaterial substance? • Example: Nestor

  15. John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity • Memory & Personal Identity • Resurrection • The Prince & the Cobbler • Language • Self Depends on Consciousness • Consciousness • The Little Finger

  16. John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity • Reward & Punishment • PI and Justice • The Little Finger • Personal Identity • Objection & Reply • A Problem about Punishment • Drunk, Asleep & Judgment Day • Odd Cases • Two & One

  17. John LockeMoral Theory • Morality • Moral Ideas • Pleasure & Pain • Law • Three Kinds of Law • Locke’s rationalist account of ethics • Moral demonstration • Locke’s empirical account of ethics • Locke’s mixed bag

  18. John LockePhilosophy of Religion • Empirical Ideas of God • Introduction • Source of the idea of God • Rejection of the perfection argument • Proving God’s existence • Proving • Deism • Deism • Locke’s view • Impact

  19. John LockePolitical Philosophy • Background • Background • The State of Nature • The state • Locke’s assumptions • Differences from Hobbes’ state of nature • The qualities of the state of nature

  20. John LockePolitical Philosophy • Natural Laws & Rights • Natural law theory • Common property • The basis of property & Locke’s proviso • Limits of property • Right of punishment & reparation • Right of self defense • Slavery

  21. John LockePolitical Philosophy • Social Contract • Motivation1: the state of nature lacks established, settled, known law • Motivation 2: the state of nature lacks a known and indifferent judge • Motivation 3: in the state of nature there is a lack of power to enforce sentences • The contract & consent • Majority rule • Express & tacit consent

  22. John LockePolitical Philosophy • Limits of government • Powers given up in society • Limits of power • Extent of the legislative power • Natural law remains • Branches of government • Tyranny & Resistance • Tyranny • Resistance

  23. John LockeProblems & Impact • Innate Ideas • Straw man? • Intellect • Representative realism • Problem of the external world • Locke’s proposed solution • Problem • Tyranny of the majority • Majority rule

  24. John LockeProblems & Impact • Impact & Significance • Politics • Philosophy

  25. George BerkeleyBackground • There was a young man who said, "God Must think it exceedingly odd • If he finds that this tree Continues to be, • When there's no one about in the quad." • Dear Sir, your astonishment's odd • I'm always about in the quad, • And that's why the tree Continues to be, • Since observed by, • Yours faithfully, • God

  26. George BerkeleyBackground • Background • Life • Impact on American Education

  27. George BerkeleyOpposing Skepticism & Atheism • Berkeley’s Project • Treatise • Three Dialogues • Newtonian Science • Matter • Idealism • Against skepticism • The philosopher of common sense

  28. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Locke to the logical conclusion • Locke • Theory of Ideas • Ideas • Criticism of Abstract Ideas • Locke’s theory of abstract ideas • Berkeley’s criticism • General ideas • Language problem • Rejection of abstract ideas: rejection of matter

  29. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Arguments from Mental Dependency • Meaning Argument • Idea argument • Objection & reply • Argument from Pain & Pleasure • The argument • Heat & pain • Objection & reply

  30. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Arguments from Perceptual Relativity • Hot & Cold Argument • Taste & Odor Argument • Sound • Color • Results

  31. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Primary & Secondary Qualities Arguments • Primary & Secondary Qualities • Contradiction argument • Inseparability Argument • Extension Argument • Objection: extension & matter in general • Number Argument • Dream Argument • Distance Argument

  32. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Imagination Argument • Imagination Argument • Criticism of Representational Realism • Locke • Objection • Primary & secondary qualities

  33. George BerkeleyMetaphysics • The World • Objection: banishing the real • Reply • Dreams vs. Reality • Existence • Samuel Johnson • Seeming Absurdity

  34. George BerkeleyMetaphysics • Cause of Ideas • Goal • Ideas cannot Cause Ideas • Material Substance • Substance • Spirit & Ideas • Spirit • There can be no idea of soul or spirit • The active mind • Ideas of sense

  35. George BerkeleyMetaphysics • Proof of God’s Existence • Knowledge of other spirits • Argument from design • God: another proof & cause • God the Perceiver • Perceiver • Refutation of Deism • Deism • Refutation

  36. George BerkeleyMetaphysics • Problem with God • The Problem • Hylas’ Dilemma • Berkeley’s Reply • Hylas’ Reply

  37. George BerkeleyScience & Laws of Nature • Science in an Immaterial World • Berkeley’s View • The Laws of Nature • Causation • Science & Religion • Scriptural Argument • Time & Space

  38. George BerkeleyProblems & Impact • Trilemma • Trilemma • Solipsism • Representative Realism • Pantheism • Other Problems • Perceiving & Conceiving • Notion • Common Sense • Hume • Theists

  39. George BerkeleyProblems & Impact • Impact • Impact

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