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Modern Philosophy

Modern Philosophy. Part four. David Hume Background. General Background Life & Writings Other publications & career Goals Motivation Goal. David Hume Epistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Ideas . Ideas Perceptions Impressions Ideas Creative power of the mind Association of Ideas

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Modern Philosophy

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  1. Modern Philosophy Part four

  2. David HumeBackground • General Background • Life & Writings • Other publications & career • Goals • Motivation • Goal

  3. David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Ideas • Ideas • Perceptions • Impressions • Ideas • Creative power of the mind • Association of Ideas • Atomism • Association

  4. David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Ideas • Relations of Ideas & Matters of Fact • Division • Relation of Ideas • Matters of Facts • The Gap

  5. David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Causation • Goal • Goal • External Objects • No idea of necessary connection • Internal Impressions • Introduction • Mind-Body problem • Voluntary control • The process is unknown • The power is unknown

  6. David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Causation • Unintelligibility • Causes • Extraordinary Phenomena • Philosophers • No Necessary Connection • Position • Single Instances • Mind & Body • No Connection • Conclusion

  7. David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Causation • Experience & the Origin of the Idea • Experience & Foretelling • Origin of Idea • Billiard ball example • Cause & effect • First definition of “cause” • Second definition of “cause” • Problems with the definitions • Example of the problems: vibrations

  8. David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Causation • Customs & Conclusion • Custom • Distant times & places • Infinite Regress • Conclusion

  9. David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses • The Sense & Objects • Questions • Why do we attribute continued existence? • Why do we suppose distinct existence? • Senses & continued existence • Senses & distinct existence • Self & Objects • Intent • External existence • We do not perceive our body • Sounds, tastes, etc. • Sight does not inform us of distance immediately

  10. David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses • Philosophers & the Vulgar • Three types of impressions • Primary • Secondary • Pains & pleasures • Reason • Contrary conclusions • Imagination • Vividness & involuntariness

  11. David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses • Constancy, Coherence, Cause & Effect • Motivation • Constancy • Coherence & Constancy • Difference between external & internal impressions • The room, porter & letter example. • Reasoning from coherence vs. reasoning from cause & effect • Regularity in perceptions • Imagination in perceptions

  12. David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses • Constancy • Continued existence • Distinct existence • Neither an Independent nor Continued Existence • Experience • Experiments • Additional confirmation of dependence

  13. David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses • Philosophic & Vulgar Systems • The philosophic system • Hume’s criticism • First part of the proposition • Philosophical as palliative remedy • Second part of the proposition • Philosophical has the difficulties of the vulgar • Explanation of the connection

  14. David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses • Double Existence • Reason & natural impulses • Psychology of double existence • Opinions • Another advantage • Results • First particular • Second particular • Hume’s results • Illusions & problems • Skeptical doubt

  15. David HumePersonal Identity • Preliminaries • Other philosophers • Hume • Disagreement • Bundles & Persons • Bundles & Change • The mind is a kind of theater

  16. David HumePersonal Identity • Identities & Relations • Identity • Relations • Resemblance & Memory • Causation & Analogy to a Commonwealth • Concern, Memory and Conclusion • Concern • Memory • Criticism • Conclusion

  17. David HumeEthical Theory • Introduction • Work • Science • Moral Judgments • Knowledge • Ethics & Relations of Ideas • Hume’s criticism • Ethics & matters of fact • Passions & morality • Moral sentiment

  18. David HumeEthical Theory • Moral Rules • Sources of moral rules • Social utility • Sympathy • Benevolence

  19. David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Existence of God • Skepticism • Introduction • Reason • Causation • Rejection of design

  20. David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Existence of God • Five Problems • Intro • Finite effect • Imperfect universe • Improvement • Multiple gods • Physical being

  21. David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Agnosticism • Religion • Personal views • Boswell • Causation • Miracles • Intelligence • The mystery passage

  22. David HumeResults • Skepticism & Practicality • Skeptical results • Hume’s conclusion • Mitigated skepticism • Skepticism

  23. Immanuel KantBackground • Background • Personal information • Contributions • Philosophical Motivations & Goals • Leibnizian rationalism • Assumptions • First Goal: clarification of the foundations of science • Experience • Second Goal: Resolve the conflict between science & religion, morality and freedom. • Third Goal: Deal with the crisis in metaphysics

  24. Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge • Critical Philosophy • Critiques • “Copernican” revolution • Reality • Varieties of judgment • Analytic judgments • Synthetic judgments • A priori knowledge • A posteriori knowledge

  25. Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge • Analytic a priori • Analytic a posteriori • Synthetic a posteriori • Synthetic a priori • Mathematics • Geometry • Goal: how synthetic a priori judgments are possible in math, physics, and morality.

  26. Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge • The Transcendent Method • Rejection of empiricism • The transcendent method • Space & time • Space • Time • Mathematics

  27. Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge • Categories of the Understanding • Knowledge from sensibility & understanding • Knowledge is from sensibility& understanding in tandem • Concepts

  28. Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge • 12 a priori concepts • Quantity: unity, plurality, totality • Quality: reality, negation, limitation • Modality: possibility-impossibility, existence-non-existence, necessity-contingency • Response to Humean Skepticism • Hume’s skepticism • Kant & Substance • Kant & causation • Kant’s subjective-objective distinction

  29. Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge • Theory of Experience • Unity & Experience • Synthesis • Synthesis of apprehension in intuition • Synthesis of reproduction in imagination • Synthesis of recognition in a concept • Concepts

  30. Immanuel KantMetaphysics • Phenomena & Noumena • Introduction • Phenomena • Noumena • Difficulties

  31. Immanuel KantMetaphysics • Transcendent Illusions of Metaphysics • Third Faculty: Reason • Transcendental ideas • Self • Cosmos • God • Problem: application of categories beyond borders

  32. Immanuel KantMetaphysics • The Self • The self • No impression of self • Empirical self • Transcendental self • The self of psychology

  33. Immanuel KantMetaphysics • The Cosmos • The cosmos • The failure of reason • The antimonies • First • The world has a beginning in time & occupies finite space • The world has no temporal beginning & is spatially & temporally infinite

  34. Immanuel KantMetaphysics • Second • All things can be analyzed into basic components • Nothing can be analyzed into basic components • Third • Some events are free and not determined • No events are free and all events are determined • Fourth • A necessary being exists • There is no necessary being

  35. Immanuel KantMetaphysics • The argument • Kant’s resolution • God • Introduction • The ontological argument • Kant’s first refutation of the ontological argument • Kant’s second refutation of the ontological argument • The cosmological argument • The teleological argument • Conclusion

  36. Immanuel KantMetaphysics • Pure Reason • Theology & metaphysics • Legitimate use • What does it mean?

  37. Immanuel KantMetaphysics • Pure Reason • Theology & metaphysics • Legitimate use • What does it mean?

  38. Kantian EthicsIntroduction • Introduction • Theoretical Reason • Practical Reason • Ethical Works • Emphasis • Rationalism

  39. Categorical imperativeImmanuel Kant • The Good Will • The Good Will & Qualities • Worthiness of Happiness • Virtues • The Goodness of the Good Will • Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law • Moral Worth • The Good • Law • Example • Determining the Good • Duty

  40. Categorical imperativeImmanuel kant • The Categorical Imperative • Law & Will • Imperatives • Examples • Suicide • Lying Promises • Rusting Talents • Helping Others

  41. Categorical imperativeImmanuel Kant • Ends • Rational Beings • Objects of the Inclination • Rational Beings • Supreme Practical Principle • Kingdom of Ends • Rational Beings as Legislators • Three Postulates of Morality • Introduction • Freedom • Immortality • God

  42. Immanuel KantImpact • Impact • Significance • Impact

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