Day 8 – Instability and a Great Depression lead to the rise of Fascism

1. Enduring Understandings • International conflict often leads to domestic changes. • Globalization leads economic declines to become less a national problem and more global in scope and helps to fuel worldwide tensions • In times of crisis, people often turn to strong leaders in search of stability. • 5. Conflicts of the 20th Century were rooted in political and ideological differences around the world. • 6. The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution. • 7. Nationalism and propaganda play a role in mobilizing civilian populations in support of their nation’s goals Day 8 –Instability and a Great Depression lead to the rise of Fascism • Essential Questions from Unit 5 RS • How did Germany and Italy address their economic problems? • How were the fascists in Italy and Germany similar and different from the communists? From each other? • How and why were fascists able to come to power in Germany and Italy? • How did fascists use scapegoats to gain and maintain their power? • Agenda • Using your notes from yesterday about the Great Depression, identify 2 ways the Great economic depression was addressed in the 1920s and 1930s. • Take 90 seconds to review your level 1 activities for the “Global Depression” – any questions? • Open the guided reading for Rise of Fascism from BB or packet page 24. Take notes from today’s lecture using the organizer as a framework. • Explain how today’s content supports each of the above today’s EUs • Work on Level 1 and 2 activities.

2. Post-WWI • After WWI, Europe faced several economic problems: inflation, worldwide depression, instability of new democracies • These mounting problems lead people to turn to totalitarian leaders who promised reform and national glory

3. Rise of Fascism • A political movement that stressed extreme loyalty to the state and its leader • Fascist leaders promised to revive the economy and restore national pride Enduring Understanding?

4. Rise of Fascism Basic Features of Fascism- • Extreme Nationalism • Glorify Action, obedience, discipline • Loyalty to State Unquestioned • Loyalty to single dictator • Strict class structure • Anti-Democratic (greed/corruption) • Aggressive Expansion • Censorship • Control of private Economy leading to wealth for industry • Use of Legalized Terror In what ways is Fascism similar to Stalinist Communism? In what ways is it different?

5. Rise of Fascism Economic Policy- Preserved Capitalism, but with Government direction of Business, Labor, Agriculture, Trade and Culture for the purpose of promoting and achieving national glory. (and as an added benefit, enriched those who owned the enterprises and were attached to the ruling party – essentially party-sponsored corruption.) Social Policies- Absolute Obedience to State Women, pushed from jobs- place is in the home having babies Patriotism- Extreme Nationalism Strict Discipline Fascist Youth- teach the values of a fascist society~ indoctrination

6. Rise of Fascism – connecting to earlier content – WWI, Marxism-Leninism and the Great Depression The Economic Despair of Post WWI Europe and the rise of “Communism” in Russia enabled Fascist leaders like Mussolini and Hitler to rise to power. Why? Both the German People and the Italian people blamed the Treaty of Versailles for their problems. Why?

7. 1. Benito Mussolini becomes popular Benito Mussolini Rise of Fascism Why?(to 2:06) • disappointment over the 1919 Paris Peace Conference ( did not get territorial gains), • High inflation • high unemployment • Social unrest due to economic crisis • Mussolini promised economic reform and military power– a return to the greatness of Rome • Mussolini was a fiery speaker. • He created the FasciCombattimento Party calling upon discontented veterans and youths to support his objectives. • Promised order to combat the social unrest

8. Rise of Fascism Benito Mussolini- becomes popular Consequences? Felt free to criticize the government of King Victor Emmanuelle Wanted to gain the support of the moneyed classes, industrialists and large landowners so he looked for scapegoats • blamed economic problems on unions, socialists and communists Created a terror organization “The Black Shirts” who led attacks on unions, socialists and other elements of society that threatened his rise to power and benefitted his supporters. The Black Shirts helped to create more social unrest and instability

9. Rise of Fascism - Why? • Benito Mussolini appealed to much of Italy: • Focused on national pride- restoring the glory of the Roman empire. • Promised to restore order – (it was his own Black Shirts – his thuggish followers who rioted and marched on Rome threatening order) • Had support of economic elites • Seemed to be the King’s best hope for perpetuating the dynasty 2. In October of 1922, Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel III. Consequences? • He became(from 2:06) Il Duce - “the leader”: • limited the press, • fixed elections, • used secret police, exiles and prisons. • Outlawed strikes and crushed unions • Hitler will follow this model for his rise to power, and in fact met with Mussolini during his rise to power.

10. Benito Mussolini1883-1945

11. Rise of Fascism HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY • Struggles of the Weimar Republic a. Germany’s first experiment in Democracy, is blamed for all the troubles plaguing Germany- economic depression, having to observe the terms of the treaty of Versailles, etc. b. Structure of Government- i. Parliament/ Legislative Branch- The Reichstag ii. Executive Branch- 2 positions- President and Chancellor C. Unrest and Downfall of the Weimer Republic- i. Mired in Inflation and economic depression - Reparations, Dawes Plan, Great Depression ii. Treaty of Versailles hated by all Germans iii. Jewish People became scapegoats for Germany’s troubles

12. Adolf Hitler becomes leader of Nazi Party Why? • His skills as an organizer and speaker 3. Adolf Hitler becomes leader of Nazi Party Consequences? • Nazis become powerful political force Why? • Mussolini’s success in Italy through his Fascisti march on Rome • Tried to take over Germany in 1922 Munich Beer-hall Putsch – the coup attempt failsfirst attempt 4. Adolf Hitler imprisoned for treason Consequences? • Mein Kampf • set forth his racist and anti-Semitic beliefs • promoted the idea of the German Master Race. • It also plots out his plans for spreading Germany and Nazi power over most of Europe

13. 5. Hitler becomes Chancellor Why? • Germany’s economic problems of the Great Depression and fear of communism • Nazi-caused violence and unrest made people afraid • Nazis blamed the Communists • German voters made Nazis the largest party in the Reichstag • Conservatives and Nazi allies convinced President von Hindenberg to appoint Hitler Chancellor • Consequences? • Hitler forced Reichstag to give him total power • Put cronies and supporters in positions of power • Implements remilitarization • Privatizes many industries

15. Hitler’s Goals overviewas described in MeinKampf • Sought to create a “master race” of Germans, as all non-Aryan (misused term) races were inferior • (borrowing some ideas from existentialist Nietzsche – willpower and discipline potentially leading to “supermen”) • Vowed to regain those lands taken from Germany after WWI • Sought lebensraum, or living space, for Germans; would conquer eastern Europe and Russia to gain needed territory for the expansion of their master race • To regain territory, illustrate German superiority and improve German economy and employment, Nazis embarked on a massive rearmament plan violating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. • (buying arms from Germany’s own privately held military industries like F.G Farber, Daimler-Benz, Bosch, and Siemens)

16. Hitler has books burned Why? • To control all aspects of German society • To control what people knew and understood 6. Hitler has books burned Consequences? • opposition was prevented from getting supporters • Promoted conformity with Nazi ideology Why? • Anti-semitism was a key to Nazi Ideology • Used Jews as scapegoats 7. Nazis pass laws against Jews Consequences? • Widespread violence against Jews • Confiscation of Jewish property • Beginning of the removal of Jews from German life

17. Anti-Semitism • Nazi ideology stressed that Jews were to blame for all of Germany’s troubles since WWI - Scapegoating • Laws were passed that restricted rights of German Jews • Kristallnacht Night of the Broken Glass

19. Moishe, Pesha and along comes Label • Moishe, Pesha and Label Huber lived in a small town called Mezrich in Poland between Warsaw and Lublin. • They were a family of Jews. • Moishe Huber had 12 brothers and sisters, and PeshaFainlandhad 4 sisters and a brother. • They were living in two different towns: Pesha in Sarnacki and Moishe in Mordi where he helped his mother urn a grain feed store. • When Pesha went to visit her brother who had moved to Mordi, she met Moishe • Soon after they were married. • They moved to the town, Mezrich, where Moishe’sfamily lived. • In March 1938 they had a baby boy they named Label. They knew nothing of what was going on in the rest of Europe

20. Elsewhere… • Numerous other countries fell to dictators, as democracy failed across much of Europe primarily due to terrible economics due to the Great Depression • Struggle between totalitarianism and democracy • Sign of things to come  Holocaust, WWII