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Chapter 9 Part 2

Chapter 9 Part 2. Turn in your Chapter 8/9 1 pager in the box at the front. Make sure your name is on it!. Marsilius of Padua. Wrote Defender of the Peace 1324 Attacked Papal Power Spiritual Crimes must await judgment by God

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Chapter 9 Part 2

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  1. Chapter 9 Part 2 • Turn in your Chapter 8/9 1 pager in the box at the front. • Make sure your name is on it!

  2. Marsilius of Padua • Wrote Defender of the Peace 1324 • Attacked Papal Power • Spiritual Crimes must await judgment by God • Clergy should emulate Jesus, not seek power but seek to be holy • Asserted that the Pope should be a subservient member of society, Emperors/Kings were meant to rule on Earth. • Pope should worry only about morality and spirituality. • Pope has no power to punish people, excommunicate them

  3. John Wycliffe and John Huss: Early Church critics • John Wycliffe, English  Lollards • “Clergy should be content with food and clothing” • Personal Merit not rank or office was basis for religious authority. • John Huss, Bohemian  Hussites • Bible in vernacular • Questioned sacraments, Clergy’s power and role in church • Was burned at the stake as a heretic in 1415

  4. The Great Schism • Pope Gregory XI moved the Papacy back to Rome in 1377. When he died the Cardinals elected Pope Urban VI an Italian as the new pope. • French Cardinals later had their own conclave and elected the King of France’s cousin Pope Clement VII. • Two simultaneous popes?!

  5. The Conciliar Movement • Wanted a representative council to regulate the actions of the Pope. • Dictatorship to Representative Democracy • In 1409, a council in Pisa renounced the two popes and elected a new Pope, Alexander V. • Popes in Avignon and Rome refused to step down. • Three simultaneous Popes?!

  6. Four simultaneous Popes? • The Council of Constance (1414-1417) • Declared Sacrosancta, its supremacy. • Elected a new Pope, Martin V. (Four Popes?!) • Previous three all resigned or were deposed, ending the madness. • Councils would meet in the future, 5, then 7, then 10 years later.

  7. End of Councils • The Council of Basel (1431-1449) • Hussites wanted changes • Eucharist, free preaching, exclusion of clergy from owning property, just punishment for clergy • Got changes • Bohemian Jurisdiction over their church, got everything but exclusion of clergy owning property • Results of the Councils • Secular control over national, regional church • Rome became just another Italian State • Pope lost power

  8. Medieval Russia • Prince Vladimir of Kiev (r. 980-1015) chose Greek Orthodox Christianity as the religion of Russia. • Yaroslav the Wise (r. 1016-1054) developed Kiev into a powerful political and cultural center. • Russia gradually divided into three cultural groups: • Great Russians: Russia Proper, Moscow • White Russians: Belarus • Little Russians: Ukrainians

  9. Mongol Rule • Ghengis Khan (1155-1227) invaded Russia in 1223. His grandson Batu Khan conquered Kiev in 1240. • Russian cities became tribute paying principalities of the Mongol Empire (Golden Horde, Tatars). • Mongols took Russian women as slaves and spread Islam.

  10. Genghis Khan • Born Temujin in 1162 in modern day Mongolia. • Khan = Ruler, • Mongols were illiterate, he united up to 700,000 of them. • Declared Uyghur Mongolia's writing system. • He conquered China and parts of Central Asia. • Increased communication • His son Ogedei Khan and grandson Batu Khan extended the empire.

  11. Fun fact • Genghis Khan had a lot of children • His sons had a lot of children • DNA testing (Y chromosome) shows that 0.5% of the men in the world can trace their heritage to him • In Asia its more like 8% of men are the descendants

  12. Mongol Rule • Russian Princes grew wealthy under Mongol rule thanks to trade with the east. • Gradually Russians took control of Russia. • In 1380, Grand Duke Dimitri of Moscow (r. 1350-1389) defeated Mongol forces at Kulikov Meadow. Victory didn’t last long, Mongols came back and took Moscow and made him pay tribute. • Ivan the Great ended Mongol Rule and took control of Russia in 1480. Moscow became political and religious center of Russia. Christians united under Russia against Muslim powers from the East.

  13. Pressure makes Diamonds!

  14. Middle Ages • Dark or Middle for Europe, Golden Age for Asia, Africa and Middle East. • Muslims, Mongols, Moors all extended their power and wealth. • Plague, War, Religious strife. • Bridge from Ancient times to the Renaissance.

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