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I. Imperialism

Aim: What were the causes of European imperialism, and what were the characteristics of imperialism in China and Japan?. I. Imperialism. Definition: A strong country taking over a weaker country or region politically, economically and socially.

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I. Imperialism

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  1. Aim: What were the causes of European imperialism, and what were the characteristics of imperialism in China and Japan?

  2. I. Imperialism • Definition: A strong country taking over a weaker country or region politically, economically and socially. • Becomes possible because of the global inequality brought about by the Industrial Revolution. The industrialized countries of Europe increased their wealth and power enormously in comparison to non-industrializing Third World regions (like Asia and Africa). • In the late 19th / early 20th centuries, the powerful nations of Europe began to take control of the Eastern Hemisphere (Asia, Africa, the Middle East), turn these areas into colonies.

  3. II. Causes of Imperialism • Economic Causes  Related to the Industrial Revolution 1. Europe had a surplus of manufactured goods/ products Colonies provide sure-fire markets. 2. Colonies provide raw materials and natural resources necessary to maintain industrialization 3. New breakthroughs in transportation (railroads, steamships) make it quicker and cheaper for mother countries to trade with their colonies. New communication systems (transoceanic telegraph cables) facilitate this international trade. Rise of a World Market.

  4. II. Causes of Imperialism B. Political Causes: 1. Governments want to take over places to protect the investments of their businessmen in plantations, mines, transportation systems, etc. 2. Nationalism

  5. Imperialism in China • Qing/ManchuDynasty – Rules China from 1644-1911. Does not encourage foreign trade: - China doesn’t need it: Has thriving agriculture, extensive mining and manufacturing. - China sees itself as the Middle Kingdom - British are only allowed to trade at the port of Guangzhou. China earns much more from what it sells (tea) than the British do from what they sell. How are the British going to feel about this situation?

  6. Build-up to Conflict B. In the early 1800s, the British finally find a product the Chinese will buy in large quantities → opium (highly addictive drug). By 1835, 12 million people in China are addicted to it. What can the Chinese do to stop the sale of opium?

  7. The Opium Wars (1839-1842) • When Britain refuses to stop trading opium, the Chinese destroyed an opium shipment at Guangzhou. In response, the British attack Chinese port cities. Three years of war follow. • China is defeated, forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (1842): - British gain the island of Hong Kong. Keep it until 1997! - Extraterritorial Rights – The British are now allowed to trade at five Chinese ports besides Guangzhou.

  8. Other Nations Step In • By the late 19th century, China’s weak military technology, economic problems and corrupt government were well-known. • European countries and Japan start taking more control over China’s economy. They formed spheres of influence (region in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment).

  9. Chinese Nationalism on the Rise • Boxers: A secret society of poor Chinese peasants and workers that want modernization in education, economy, military and government. They also resent that Europeans and Christian missionaries have so much power in China. • Boxer Rebellion (1900): The Boxers surround the European section of Beijing to wipe out the foreigners. Europeans defend themselves for 55 days until an army of 20,000 soldiers (from 8 countries) arrive and defeat the Boxers. Even though the Boxer Rebellion failed, why is it an important event?

  10. Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868) • Shogun- Samurai warrior who forces other samurais to be loyal to him. • Tokugawa Shogunate was a ruling family that established a strong central government in Japan for two centuries. • In 1639, they introduce the closed country policy→

  11. Western Intervention • The United States wants to trade with China, but can’t do this without help from Japan → • U.S. President Fillmore requests access to Japanese ports, but the Tokugawa turn him down. • In 1853, U.S. sends Commodore Matthew Perry to Tokyo Harbor. He arrives with four ships equipped with guns and canons. Example of Gunboat diplomacy • The Tokugawa agree to the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854), which opens up two Japanese ports to American ships.

  12. Meiji Restoration (1867-1912) • After the Treaty of Kanagawa, the Tokugawa Shogunate look weak. The emperor Mutsuhito takes control of the government. Begins the Meiji Restoration ( period of “enlightened rule”) • Goal – Modernize and Industrialize Japan • Copy the armies and navies of Britain and Germany, soon have a dozen warships and 500,000 well-trained soldiers • Copy America’s public school system. • Build 7,000 miles of railroad tracks between 1872-1914. • Expand coal production, build more factories.

  13. Growth of Japanese Imperialism • Japan fights the Sino-Japanese War against China (1894-1895), gains Taiwan from China. • Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) – Russia and Japan fight over territory in Korea. Japan destroys the Russian navy, wins the war. Why is this a big deal? • By 1910, Japan has completely taken over Korea.

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