Phoenix 3: Terms

1. Phoenix 3:Terms To know and use now and on the AP Exam

2. Analyze the rhetorical strategies used by the author to…. …create meaning. …achieve his or her purpose. …affect the reader. …reveal his or her attitude about…

3. satire criticism of people and society through ridicule, irony, and exaggeration; the satirist's goal is to point out the hypocrisy of his target in order to highlight that which is true and moral -“Weekend Update” from Saturday Night Live -The Daily Show -Scary Movie -Austin Powers -most political cartoons in newspapers and magazines -the songs of Weird Al Yankovic ear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering. I sense much fear in you.” ~ Frank Oz as Yoda in Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace

4. anadiplosis “Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering. I sense much fear in you.” ~ Frank Oz as Yoda in Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace repeating the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next; it may be done for the sake of beauty or to give a sense of logical progression

5. alliteration “[S]he had no room for gaiety and ease. She had spent the golden time in grudging its going.” ~Dorothy Parker, “The Lovely Leave” the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words

6. metonymy The White House asked the television networks for air time on Monday night. a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using “the crown” to refer to a monarch

7. "Our transportation crisis will be solved by a bigger plane or a wider road, mental illness with a pill, poverty with a law, slums with a bulldozer, urban conflict with a gas, racism with a goodwill gesture.“ ~ Philip Slater, The Pursuit of Loneliness parallelism a set of similarly structured words, phrases or clauses

8. chiasmus “And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” ~ JFK The first clause or phrase is reversed in the next, sometimes repeating the same words. This emphasizes the reversal in meaning and reinforces contrast.

9. Collateral damage is an unfortunate and inevitable part of war. euphemism an inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or harsh

10. simile “…the sound of Griffith’s punches echoed in the mind like a heavy axe in the distance chopping into a wet log.” ~Norman Mailer an explicit comparison between two unlike things with the use of “like” or “as”

11. allusion “The town’s gone wild, I think. She speak of Abigail, and I thought she were a saint, to hear her. Abigail brings the other girls into court, and where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel.” ~ Arthur Miller a reference to another text or assumed knowledge of a reference

12. syllogism All tragedies end unhappily.Hamlet is a tragedy.Therefore, Hamlet ends unhappily. a form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them

13. litotes(lie-tuh-tees) “I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.” Holden Caulfield in The Catcher In The Rye, by J. D. Salinger understatement

14. personification “Oreo: Milk’s favorite cookie.” the giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects

15. malpropism “He had to use a fire distinguisher.” absurd or humorous misuse of a word, especially by confusion with one of similar sound

16. polysyndeton "Oh, my piglets, we are the origins of war--not history's forces, nor the times, nor justice, nor the lack of it, nor causes, nor religions, nor ideas, nor kinds of government--not any other thing. We are the killers."Katharine Hepburn as Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter, 1968 the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses

17. paradox “The more sleep I get, the more tired I am.” “Only in imperfection can you find perfection.” A statement that appears to be contradictory but, in fact, has some truth.

18. apostrophe "Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art." ~John Keats an address to the dead as if living; to the inanimate as if animate; to the absent as if present; to the unborn as if alive

19. asyndeton I woke up, got out of bed, pulled on my clothes, rushed out the door, didn’t look back, not even once. omission of conjunctions ; the effect is fast-paced prose that speeds up the reader.

20. oxymoron “I hate intolerant people.”~ Gloria Steinem a figure of speech composed of contradictory words or phrases: a contradiction in terms

21. anaphora “I'm not afraid to die. I'm not afraid to live. I'm not afraid to fail. I'm not afraid to succeed. I'm not afraid to fall in love. I'm not afraid to be alone. I'm just afraid I might have to stop talking about myself for five minutes.” ~Kinky Friedman, When the Cat's Away repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row: this is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer’s point more coherent

23. onomatopoeia “It went zip when it moved and bop when it stopped,And whirr when it stood still.I never knew just what it was and I guess I never will.” ~Tom Paxton, “The Marvelous Toy” a literary device in which the sound of a word is related to its meaning

24. epistrophe “For no government is better than the men who compose it, and I want the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best.” ~Senator John F. Kennedy, speech at Wittenberg College, Oct. 17, 1960 the repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses

25. irony "Gentlemen, you can't fight in here! This is the War Room." Peter Sellers as President Merkin Muffley in Dr. Strangelove, 1964 a situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected

26. synecdoche “Take thy face hence.”~ William Shakespeare, Macbeth using part of a thing to represent the whole thing

27. periodic sentence While pondering the stars and deciding never to fall in love again, nor even date, our heroine fell asleep and dreamed. a long sentence where your main point is at the end

28. hyperbole “I was helpless. I did not know what in the world to do. I was quaking from head to foot, and could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far.” ~ Mark Twain, Old Times on the Mississippi deliberate exaggeration for emphasis