Introduction to Anatomy

1. Introduction to Anatomy

2. Terminology • Append-: to hang something • Appendicular: pertaining to the limbs • Cardi- : heart • Cardiac: pertaining to the heart • Cran-: helmet • Cranial: portion of the skull surrounding the brain • Dors-: back • Dorsal: positioned toward the back • Homeo-: same • Maintenance of a stable internal environment

3. Terminology cont… • -logy: study of • Physiology: the study of the body’s function • Meta-: change • Metabolism: chemical changes that occur within the body • Pariet: wall • Parietal membrane: membrane that lines body cavities • Pelv-: basin • Pelvic cavity: basin-shaped cavity enclosed by pelvic bones • Peri-: around • Pericardial membrane: membrane that surrounds the heart

4. Terminology Cont… • Pleur-: rib • Pleural membrane: membrane that encloses the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity • -stasis: standing still • Homeostasis: maintenance of a stable internal environment • -tomy: cutting • Anatomy: the study of structure which often involves cutting into the body

6. Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: the branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts • Form and organization • Physiology: the branch of science that deals with the functions of body parts • What parts do and how they do it

9. Levels of Organization • Atom: the smallest unit of matter • Molecule: the smallest unit of two or more combined atoms • Ex: H2, C6H12O6, O2 • Compound: two or more different atoms joined together

10. Levels of Organization • Macromolecules • Carbohydrates (sugars, starches) • Proteins • Lipids (fats) • Nucleic acids • Cell: basic unit of structure and function in an organism

11. Levels of Organization • Cellorganelle: structures that carry out specific activities in a cell • Composed of macromolecules • Tissue: cells that have common functions that are organized into layers • Organs: groups of different tissues that form structures that have specialized functions • Organsystems: groups of organs that function closely together • Organism: a living thing

12. Levels of organization • Levels of organization increase in complexity with each higher level • Body parts can be described in terms of different levels of organization • Atomic level • Molecular level • Cellular level

14. Characteristics of Life • Move and respond to their environment • Grow and develop • Reproduce • Take in energy • Excrete waste Metabolism: the sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body that breakdown and build substances

15. Requirements of Organisms • Water • 75% of the human body • Required for metabolic processes • Transports substances in the body • Regulates temperature

16. Requirements of Organisms 2. Food • provide the body with necessary chemicals (nutrients) and water • Used for energy • Supplies materials for building new living matter • Help regulate vital chemical reactions

17. Requirements of Organisms 3. Oxygen (gases) • Makes up 21% of the air we breathe • Used to release energy from food • Drives metabolic processes

18. Requirements of Organisms 4. Heat • A form of energy • A product of metabolism • Speeds up chemical reactions in the body

19. Requirements 5. Pressure: an application of force to something • Hydrostaticpressure: the weight of water or a liquid • Important in vessels in the body • Atmosphericpressure: the weight of air • Important in breathing

20. Homeostasis • Homeostasis: the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal bodily environment • Homeostaticcontrols: self-regulating control systems in the body • Work when conditions deviate from normal conditions • Receptors: provide information about conditions (responding to stimuli) • Setpoint: tell what the norm should be (example: temperature norm = 98.6⁰ F • Effectors: cause responses that alter conditions internally

21. What is the internal process that happens when we get cold?

23. What is the internal process that happens when we get too hot?

24. What is the internal process that happens when we catch a virus?

25. What is the internal process that happens when we get burnt or cut?