Anthropometry An Introduction

1. Anthropometry An Introduction Lecture Module FK Unsri 2008

2. “Stretch of the Measuring”Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1779 Stadiometer

3. What is Anthropometry? • Greek • Anthro- : man • -pometry: measurements • Literal meaning: “measurement of humans” • The study of measurements or proportions of the human body according to sex, age, etc. for identification purposes • Dimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose (fat) tissues

4. History of Anthropometry • 1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identificationdepending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human body • 1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified • “Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French police • 1887: introduced in the United States by Major McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet.

5. Alphonse Bertillon: Forensic Anthropometry

6. History of Anthropometry • 1888: Francis Galton starts research on “Finger Prints” to further anthropometry • 1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger Prints • 1894: England adopted the system. • 1903: Will West & William West

7. Galton’s Discovery because of Anthropometry? “My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric method of Bertillon, then newly introduced into the prison administration of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague knowledge of the value sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and how much there remained to do, before establishing their theoretical value and practical utility. Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others.” Excerpt from Galton’s Finger Prints

8. Applications of Anthropometry • Identification of repeated criminals • Cesare Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology (1895): “murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards”. • Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristics • Prevention of impersonation • Differentiation between the races • Eugenics in Europe • Aryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and non-Aryans on the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical features, “craniometric” certification, required by law. The consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death camps • Intelligence tests became associated with Anthropometry

9. Debate over Anthropometry • General Problems with Anthropometry: • Cost and error of the instruments used • Education needed to be able to take the measurements • Error in calculation and measurements • Slow • Will West Case

10. Body Identification using Anthropometry • Bertillon used 5 basic measurements: • head length • head breadth • length of middle finger • Length of left foot • length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger • Today that list is more extensive: • Gender • Height • Weight • Age • Bicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name a few…there are currently 107 measurements

11. Anthropometric Measuring Tools Tape Anthropometer Goniometer Medical scale Sliding Calipers: large and small Spreading Caliper

12. Anthropometric Measuring Techniques • Weight • Stature • Posture: • Standing • Frankfort • Sitting • Arm Span • Head Length • Head Breadth • Ear-to-Head Height • Nasal Length • Nasal Breadth • Skeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature • Cephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head Length • Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal Length • Span/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ Stature • Cranial Capacity

13. Anthropometric Measuring Techniques

14. Basic Chart of What is Measured

15. Basic Areas of Where to Measure

16. Basic Anthropometric Measuring Examples

17. Basic Anthropometric Measuring Examples

18. Anthropometry Today • Biometrics • Nutrition and wellness • Weight Training • Ergonomics • dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones. • Everyday life • Evolutionary Significance • Changes in humans overtime • Monitor growth in children • Cranial Anthropometry

19. Biometrics • the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics • Verification vs. identification • Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identity • Identification: Who am I?

20. Biometrics Applications • Forensics: criminal identification and prison security • Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks • Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignition • Border control and national ID cards

21. Biometrics Programs • Fingerprint Identification • Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a user's identity • Face Location: an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human face • Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification

24. Biometrics in Use Heathrow Airport- Iris BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry FacePass: Face Verification Grocery Store Payment: Fingerprint US- Visit Program INSPASS: Hand Geometry

25. Cranial Anthropometry • Also known as Craniometry • measurement of the skull and face • 3 ways to categorize the skull • dolichocephalic: long and thin • brachycephalic: short and broad • mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth

26. Terminology • Frankfort Horizontal (FH) • A plane passing through three points of the right and left porion and the left orbitale. • First proposed at the Craniometric Congress held in Munich, Germany, 1877. • An orientation of skull in a consistent and reproducible position. • Comparisons: natural head position; horizontal visual axis; and horizontal plane.

27. Frankfort Horizontal

28. en (endocanthion) eu (eurion) ex (exocanthion) ft (frontotemporale) fz (frontozygomaticus) g (glabella) gn (gnathion) obi (otobasion inferius) op (opisthocranion) po (porion) Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones

29. Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones (cont.) • n (nasion) • sn (subnasale) • t (tragion) • tr (trichion) • v (vertex) • zy (zygion)

30. Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones Maximal cranial breadth Maximal cranial length

31. Terminology • Basion: the midpoint of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. • Gnathion: the most anterior and lowest median point on the border of the mandible. • Glabella: the most forward projecting point in the midline of the forehead at the level of the supra-orbital ridges and above the nasofrontal suture. • Opisthocranion: the most posterior point on the skull not on the external occipital protuberance. It is the posterior end point of maximum cranial length measured from glabella. It is determined instrumentally. • Euryon: the two points on the opposite sides of the skull that form termini of the lines of greatest breadth. The two points are determined instrumentally. • Zygion: the most lateral point of the zygomatic arch. It is determined instrumentally. • Orbitale: the lowest point in the margin of the orbit; one of the points used in defining Frankfort Horizontal.

32. Terminology • Porion: the uppermost lateral point in the margin of the external auditory meatus. The right and left porion with the left orbitale define the Frankfort Horizontal • Mastoidale: the lowest point of the mastoid process • Gonion: the midpoint of the angel of the mandible between body and ramus. • Bregma: the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures in the midline. • Lambda: the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures in the midline. • Nasion: the intersection of the nasofrontal suture with the midsagittal plane. Nasion is the uppermost landmark for the measure of facial height. • Menton: the lowest median point of the chin. • Pogonion: the most anterior point in the midline of the chin.

33. 3- D Anthropometry • 3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populations • Programs: • Cyberware • DigiSize • CySlice • Ear Impression 3-D Scanner • SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software. • CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65 • Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.

34. Future Endeavors of Anthropometry?

35. Standing Height

36. Sitting Height

37. Upper LegLength

38. Knee Height

39. Arm Length

40. Circumferences Buttock Abdominal/waist

41. Subscapular Skin Fold Triceps Suprailiaca

42. Questions? Thank you for your time!