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The Cold War

The Cold War. Mrs. Carter. United Nations. A system of collective security Allied leaders Limited ability to carry out mission General Assembly Security Council Maintain international peace and security Perm. Members: US, GB, SU, France 6 temp. members- elected for 2 yr terms.

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War Mrs. Carter

  2. United Nations • A system of collective security • Allied leaders • Limited ability to carry out mission • General Assembly • Security Council • Maintain international peace and security • Perm. Members: US, GB, SU, France • 6 temp. members- elected for 2 yr terms

  3. United Nations • Each perm member had absolute veto power • Western nations dominated and blocked communist nations • Humanitarian programs were successful • Universal Doctrine of Human Rights • Inalienable rights of all people to religious and civil liberty

  4. Nuremberg Trials • Trial of war crimes for the holocaust • GUIILTY- “war crimes and atrocities”

  5. Nuremberg Principle • No soldier or civilian could be required, or should obey, an order that conflicted with basic humanitarian tenets.

  6. France and the Soviet Union opposed the reunification of Germany • US and GB wanted to rebuild Germany • as a counterforce to the Soviet Union • as a strong market of American and British goods

  7. Winston Churchill • Iron Curtain speech at Westminister College in Missouri • http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/19460305_Winston_Churchill_Iron_Curtain_Speech.html

  8. Iron Curtain

  9. Containment • To contain Communism; to prevent the spread of Communism • A doctrine uniting military, economic and diplomatic strategies to turn back communism and to secure for the United States the leading role in world affairs • NSC-68

  10. George Kennan • “Long Telegram” • Feared expansion of Soviet control in Eastern Europe • Stalin’s speech- inevitability of war with capitalist powers • US objective must be “a long-term, patient, but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”

  11. Urged Truman to deploy it’s economic and military resources to prevent the Soviets from expanding beyond their sphere of influence • REGRETS- looking back Kennan regretted not including the following info in his reports: • Failure to emphasize the difficulties that Moscow would face in trying to rule East. And Central Europe • Failure to recognize that his essay would add to the fear of Communism

  12. Truman Doctrine • Military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece • Congress agreed to $400 million in aid • 2 “alternative ways of life”- Truman • Democracy & freedom OR totalitarianism, terror & oppression • Aid program was successful at resisting Moscow

  13. Goal was to prevent the Soviet Union from gaining a stronghold in either Greece of Turkey • Prevent SV from gaining the Strait of Dardanelles (access to the Med. Sea) • Opposition: • Henry Wallace- unfounded fear of Soviet Union • Fiscal conservative- concerned about the cost • Feared deeper, longer lasting foreign “entanglements”

  14. Support: • Dean Acheson- “Not since Rome and Carthage….. [ has there been ] such a polarization of power on this earth” • Must help those that wish to be democracies

  15. Marshall Plan • Background- Europe- post WWII • Inflation • Starvation • Crippled industry & infrastructure • Battered & shaken are the strongholds of democracy • Offered a program of massive US economic assistance to Western Europe

  16. Marshall Plan • George C. Marshall • US humanitarian relief • Aid return of economic health and political stablility • Claimed “not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.”

  17. Marshall Plan • Further Goals • To promote European unity and to end national rivalries • Only a united Europe could present a strong front against Soviet expansionism • Draft a unified recovery program- leading to an American-style of capitalism • Opposition- Andrei Vyshinski • “split Europe into two camps” , denied European nations their “inalienable rights”

  18. Marshall Plan • US benefit- $$$$$$$ • Increased US export to Europe • Decreased European exports • US sent exports on CREDIT b/c Europe lacked credit • Europe ordered farm equipment, industrial machinery, and other goods = $ to help American business

  19. Marshall Plan • Europe’s benefits • rebuild Europe’s economy • Create jobs • Better living conditions • Revival of world trade • Emergence of multinationals • Another front against Communism

  20. Events • June 1948- Western allies allow W. Germany to become developed. 1 nation instead of divided zones of occupation • Stalin felt Soviet security was threatened and stopped all traffic to West Berlin • US & GB respond with Berlin Airlift- food and supplies to W. Berlin • May 1949- Soviet Union lifted blockade • East & West Berlin established as separate states

  21. NATO & Warsaw Pact • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • An attack against one shall be considered an attack against them all • Warsaw Pact • Soviet response to NATO • Wartime alliance

  22. Bretton Woods • New Hampshire in July 1944 • Allied nations • Began planning to rebuild a world financial structure • World Bank- help poor countries to develop transportation, health and Education • International Monetary Fund (IMF)- promote trade, monetary cooperation, and exchange rate stability among non-Communist industrial nations • Seen by Soviet Union as a strategy to end Communism

  23. Japan • In return for sovereignty they agreed to house US military bases and troops • Strategic move for the US

  24. China • China • Communist Red Army- Mao Zedong- mainland China • Nationalists- Chiang Kai-Shek- Taiwan • Americans- Truman “lost China” • Stalin signed a formal alliance with Mao Zedong ***threat of international communism***

  25. US expands # of atomic bombs Testing in Bikini Atoll Soviets began testing A-bomb in 1949 Both began testing hydrogen bombs (more powerful than atomic) US/Soviet Arms Race

  26. On the Homefront: Truman

  27. Truman • Disliked by many Americans • Bring the Boys Home Movement- rapid demobilization • Taft- Hartley Act (veto) • Won 1948 election- Americans feared a reversal of the New Deal • Desegregated armed forces and banned discrimination in federal civil service • Fair Deal

  28. Truman VS. Congress • Little headway was made • Disputes over Fair Deal programs • Disputes over Taft-Hartley Act • Variety of bills were defeated

  29. Taft-Hartley Act • “slave labor bill” • Reversed much of the Wagner Act • Required union officials to swear they weren’t Communists • Made it more difficult for workers to establish unions • Truman vetoed it • Congress overrode the veto • Dem. Party wanted Truman to resign, to be replaced by Eisenhower

  30. Fair Deal • Truman’s reform program included: • National health care • Federal aid to education • Civil rights legislation • Funds for public housing • New farm program • Increasing minimum wage and social security • Conservatives blocked most programs • Min. wage and ss were the exceptions

  31. Fair Deal • Most reforms were defeated for 2 reason: • Conflict between Truman and Congress • Foreign policy concerns of the Cold War

  32. On the Homefront: Subterfuge

  33. National Security Act (1947) • Established Department of Defense, National Security Council • Administer and coordinate defense policies and to advice the president • Established Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • Obtain political, military and economic information from around the world • Classified- secret from Congress and public

  34. Fear of Communist conspiracy and subversion • Executive Order 9835- barred members of the Communist Party & sympathizers from the federal government • Published alist of possibly subversive organizations

  35. On the Homefront: 2nd Red Scare

  36. HUAC • House Un-American Activities Committee • “friendly witnesses” • “unfriendly witnesses”- stood behind 1st amendment freedom of speech • Advertisers pulled funding during particular movies • Looked for Communists in government, Hollywood and organizations (Boy Scouts) • Blacklists

  37. Official with the State Department Accused of being a Communist Accused of giving secret documents to a Communist Found guilty Jailed Espionage Cases:Alger Hiss

  38. Espionage Cases:Julius & Ethel Rosenberg • Accused of stealing & plotting to convey atomic secrets to Soviets during WWII • Guilty of treason & executed in 1953 • Executed in 1953

  39. Joseph McCarthy Believed Communist conspiracy reached into the government Wild accusations Claimed Democrats were “soft on Communism” b/c they had “lost” China McCarthyism

  40. Silence critics of the Cold War • Went after Jews, African Americans, immigrants, homosexuals, women’s groups- those that were too weak to fight back • McCarthy’s popularity grew because of the American fear of Communism • People were afraid to go against him because he became so powerful • Finally seen as a bully during the televised Army-McCarthy hearings- end of career • “witch hunt” lasted for 3 years

  41. On the Homefront: Domestic • Baby Boom- 1950s- 1960s • Couples married earlier, had children earlier, had more children • Dr. Spock “Baby and Child Care”

  42. Consumer Spending • 2 income families = middle class= higher standard of living= more consumer spending

  43. Billy Graham- evangelical minister- 1st televised crusades for religious revival “God Centered homes” and warned against women who tried to “wear the trousers” Religion

  44. Warned against apathy toward the threat of Communism Movies

  45. Korea • 1945- Korea divided at 38th parallel • North= Soviets South= US • 1949- USSR & US pulled out of Korea • 1950 North invaded the South • Civil war? • Test by the Soviets? • Truman got approval from UN Security Council to send troops. MacArthur was sent to stop the Communist drive

  46. Korea • Truman expanded war goals • Push Communists back to China • Reunite Korea as a democratic society • China’s response • Crossing the 38th parallel would be seen as a security threat • MacArthur- promised a speedy victory and the boys would be “home for Christmas”

  47. China entered the conflict and pushed the US back across the 38th • Stalemate at the 38th • 18 mo of negotiations and fighting • “There is no substitute for victory!”- MacArthur • MacArthur was dismissed for insubordination- nearly caused a Chinese-American War • Summer 1953- North and South Korea occupied nearly identical territory as at the beginning

  48. Election of 1952 • Rep. Dwight D. Eisenhower “Ike” • VP Richard Nixon • Checkers Speech • Scandal accepting personal gifts • Voters wanted peace and government assisted prosperity • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/images/richardnixoncheckers.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/richardnixoncheckers.html&h=343&w=464&sz=22&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=IxKo5wwljaELcM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCheckers%2Bspeech%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

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