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A Scientific Investigation of Science Instructional Materials SDSC TeacherTECH Program

A Scientific Investigation of Science Instructional Materials SDSC TeacherTECH Program. Dr. Larry Woolf Larry.Woolf@ga.com www.sci-ed-ga.org (click on presentations) General Atomics Presented 1/17/08 San Diego Supercomputer Center. Topics. Color -Multidisciplinary and crossdisciplinary

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A Scientific Investigation of Science Instructional Materials SDSC TeacherTECH Program

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  1. A Scientific Investigation of Science Instructional MaterialsSDSC TeacherTECH Program Dr. Larry Woolf Larry.Woolf@ga.com www.sci-ed-ga.org (click on presentations) General Atomics Presented 1/17/08 San Diego Supercomputer Center

  2. Topics • Color -Multidisciplinary and crossdisciplinary • Different “truths” taught in art and science class • Seasons • Poster child for misconceptions and science instruction • Private Universe project

  3. Part I: Color MixingWhat do you or your students know about color?

  4. Let’s see what are the primary colors according to expert sources

  5. Authoritative approach Webster’s New World Dictionary: “color: the primary colors of paints, pigments, etc. are red, yellow, and blue, which, when mixed in various ways, produce the secondary colors (green, orange, purple, etc.)”

  6. The white is black approach Art Fundamentals Theory and Practice: “There are three colors, however, which cannot be created from mixtures; these are the hues, red, yellow, and blue. They are called the primary colors. A mixture of the three primaries should theoretically result in white; actually this mixture produces a neutral grey which may be considered a darkened form of white.”

  7. The 2 correct answers approach The Journal of Chemical Education: “… students should identify the three colors needed to produce all the others as red, blue, and yellow. Most artists call these the fundamental colors, The correct subtractive colors, used by printers, for example, are cyan, magenta, and yellow.”

  8. The parenthetical approach Color Printing Manual: “The primary process colors are: Yellow, Red (Magenta), and Blue (Cyan).”

  9. The loosely speaking approach Hewitt’s Conceptual Physics “For this reason, cyan, magenta, and yellow are called the subtractive primary colors. In painting or printing, the primaries are often said to be red, yellow, and blue. Here we are loosely speaking of magenta, yellow, and cyan.”

  10. The red (or vermillon), green, blue (or intense blue or violet), cyan (or cyan blue or blue), magenta (or red), and yellow multi-colortural approach Danger: Same model for light and pigment colors! Barron’s Art Handbooks: Mixing Colors 1. Watercolor

  11. What is meant by “primary colors?”

  12. What is meant by “primary colors?” • You can make “all” other colors (not really) • You can’t make a primary color by mixing

  13. Using your colored films, let’s do the experiment: Are the primary colors red, yellow, blue? • What colors can you make by mixing red, yellow and blue? • What colors can you make by mixing cyan, magenta, and yellow? • Which set of 3 produces the largest range of colors? • Can you make any of these “primary colors” by mixing? • What are likely candidates for the 3 primary colors? What cannot be the primary colors?

  14. Let’s learn more about how we see color Basic simplifying assumptions: 1. The color we see results from light of that color entering our eye. 2. This room is illuminated by uncolored (white) light

  15. Absorption of light by colored films • Place C film over color wheel on white paper • C film absorbs what color of light? • Place M film over color wheel on white paper • M film absorbs what color of light? • Place Y film over color wheel on white paper • Y film absorbs what color of light? • Place C, M, Y films on top of each other over color wheel on white paper • What happens? What does this mean?

  16. Absorption of light by colored films • Place C film over color wheel on W paper • C film absorbs R light • Place M film over color wheel on W paper • M film absorbs G light • Place Y film over color wheel on W paper • Y film absorbs B light • Place C, M, Y films on top of each other • All light (white light) is completely absorbed by the R light absorber,G light absorber, and B light absorber How can these observations be written mathematically? (R is red light, G is green light, and B is blue light and W is white light) See next page for guidance…

  17. Consider the cyan film on white paper • When cyan film is placed on white paper… • What color light do you start with? • What color of light is subtracted (absorbed)? • What color light remains after the subtraction? • How can you write this mathematically?

  18. Color math C W W W W – R = C

  19. Consider the magenta film on white paper • When magenta film is placed on white paper… • What color light do you start with? • What color of light is subtracted? • What color light remains after the subtraction? • How can you write this mathematically?

  20. Color math M W W – G = M

  21. Consider the yellow film on white paper • When yellow film is placed on white paper… • What color light do you start with? • What color of light is subtracted? • What color light remains after the subtraction? • How can you write this mathematically?

  22. Color math Y W W – B = Y

  23. Place cyan, magenta, and yellow films on top of each other • What happens and why? • How do you describe this mathematically and pictorially? • What does white light consist of?

  24. Color math W W – R – G – B = 0 W = R + G + B

  25. Alternate model W – R – G – B = 0 W = R + G + B

  26. Place a cyan film over a magenta film What color of light do you start with? What colors of light are subtracted? What color of light remains? How can you describe this mathematically? How can you describe this pictorially?

  27. Color math B (R +G +B) – R – G = B

  28. Now use an alternate pictorial model to show what happens:

  29. Alternate pictorial model (R +G +B) -R = G +B -G = B

  30. What color results from these pair of colored film?

  31. What color results from these pair of colored film?

  32. Why are CMY called the Subtractive Primaries? • Cyan film absorbs a single primary color of light • Red • Magenta film absorbs a single primary color of light • Green • Yellow film absorbs a single primary color light • Blue They each “subtract a primary” color of light

  33. How Can We Understand These Ideas in a Way That Connects to a “Big Idea?”

  34. Concept Map for Color Energy is conserved Energy is conserved when light interacts with matter: R+T+A=1 Subtractive color results from selective absorption of visible light W=R+G+B W-R=C W-G=M W-B=Y

  35. Concept Maps are useful for hierarchical organization of knowledge • Hyperphysics • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html • AAAS Atlas of Science Literacy • http://www.project2061.org/publications/atlas/default.htm

  36. Color mixing • We found that mixing cyan and magenta films made a blue film • Mixing cyan and yellow films makes a green film • Mixing yellow and magenta films makes a red film Now let’s make a model that describes these results

  37. Color Wheel Model for Subtractive Colors Y M C What colors are between each of the subtractive primaries?

  38. Color Wheel Model for Subtractive Colors Y R G Now let’s deconstruct the model in terms of cyan, magenta, and yellow components M C B

  39. Deconstruct the model in terms of cyan, magenta, and yellow components Y R G M C Now, how could you make this “real?” B

  40. Put them together and see what happens- Do you make a color wheel?

  41. Color Wheel Model for Subtractive Colors Y R G What are the limitations of this model? Does it show all the possible colors? Does this model explain how our eyes see color? M C B

  42. Color Cube Model for Subtractive (and Additive!) Colors Color difference: distance between colors www.colorcube.com

  43. Industrial strength color model: L* a* b* color space

  44. So What? • What is subtractive color mixing good for? • Take a look at colored magazines using a handheld microscope • How are colored pictures made?

  45. What happens when you mix different color of light? We already did this!

  46. Additive Color Mixing • What is it good for? • Let’s use two computers to verify • Consider how TVs, computer monitors, and all display devices work

  47. Learning conceptually difficult subjects:From my personal reflections, experience, science education literature, and maybe this workshop, need: • Interactive learning • Learning cycle • Engage (primary colors), explore (mixing experiments), explain (color math, diagrams, wheel), extend (printing) • Converting between multiple representations • Experimental, mathematical, pictorial, graphical, model, verbal, written • Connected activities over time • Relevance to students • Underlying general scientific principles

  48. Part II: Why is it hotter in the summer than the winter?

  49. Let’s now watch part of the video: “A Private Universe” 15:19 – 17:43

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