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SOME ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Pushpendra P. Singh INFN-LNL, Italy

SOME ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Pushpendra P. Singh INFN-LNL, Italy. 1. Per capita energy consumption is a measure of the development of a country. 2. Global energy requirements: Projections for different energy scenarios.

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SOME ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Pushpendra P. Singh INFN-LNL, Italy

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  1. SOME ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR ENERGYPushpendra P. SinghINFN-LNL, Italy

  2. 1. Per capita energy consumption is a measure of the development of a country.

  3. 2. Global energy requirements: Projections for different energy scenarios.

  4. 3. Most of the additional energy will be required in developing countries like India. Electrical Power Generation in INDIA 1947 1362 MWe 2002 (March) 105,000 MWe ( about 1695 MWe by Nuclear means)   2015 (projected need) 120,000 MWe ( about 15000 MWe by Nuclear means

  5. ENERGY SOURCES • Fossil Fuels • Oil • Natural gas • Coal

  6. Fossil Fuels are highly polluting • Release of obnoxious gases like CO, CO2, NO, NO2 etc. • Generation of large amount fly ash and ash • Global warming • With the rise of temperature and melting of ice many countries may be wiped out from the surface of the globe • Pollution of ground

  7. Energy Sources (b) Hydroelectric: • Terrain Dependent • Large scale population displacement • Disturbs ecological balance

  8. Other Energy Sources (c). Renewable: (i) Wood (ii) Solar (iii) Wind (iv) Geothermal (v) Sea Wave (vi) Photovoltaic • Being intermittent in nature, can not be used for base load requirements.

  9. Energy Sources (d) Hydrogen: 2H2 + O2 → 2 H2O + Energy • Hydrogen having very low ignition temperature is very difficult to store. Adsorption of Hydrogen at some special surfaces may be used for safe storing. At present only very small quantities of hydrogen can be safely stored.

  10. Energy Sources (e) Nuclear: • FUSION: • In principle a very clean source of energy but the problem of plasma confinement has not been solved as yet. No technical breakthrough is expected in the next 50 years. • FISSION: • Nuclear fission energy is with us for almost last 30 years. A large number of developed countries are using fission energy for electricity generation

  11. ENERGY DENSITIES 1 kg of firewood produces about 1 kWh electricity 1 kg of coal produces about 3 kWh electricity. 1 kg of oil produces about 4 kWh electricity. 1 kg of natural uranium produces about 50,000 kWh electricity. 1 kg of plutonium produces about 6,000,000 kWh electricity.

  12. Typical land area requirements for a 1000MW Power Plant 25 –50 sq. km if based on Solar PV 50-150 sq.km if based on Wind 3000-6000 sq.km if based on Biomass Plantation 2-6 sq.km if based on oil , Gas or Coal 2-3 sq.km if based on Nuclear Technology

  13. Atmosphere Radioactive Waste Concentrate Solid Waste SO2 NO2 CO2 Toxic Polutents Shallow Ground Disposal Shallow or deep Ground Disposal Waste Disposal Strategies Dispersion vs. Confinement Fossil Nuclear Dilute an& Disperse Concentrate & Confine

  14. Severe Accident Fatalities[1970-2005]

  15. Electricity by Nuclear Power (i)

  16. Electricity by Nuclear Power (ii) India at present is using only 2%

  17. Electricity by Nuclear Power (iii)

  18. Number of Nuclear Reactors Working in Different Countries

  19. Energy Amplifier: - Basic Layout Power Grid Fraction f of energy (1- f ) of energy Extraction of Energy Proton Accelerator Target Sub-critical reactor

  20. ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY AMPLIFIERS • Complete burn up of the fuel, including thorium fuel & radioactive waste, for producing energy • No requirement for fuel enrichment, extraction, or refabrication No production of plutonium as by product  Destruction of the system’s own waste as well as previously generated waste. Substantial enhancements to safety Economical power production, competitive with other nuclear concepts. Less chance of diversion of materials for weapon production Rather well known technologies, No leaps of faith

  21. Let’s think positive for NUCLEAR ENERGY and GO GREEN

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