P= F / A

1. P= F / A

2. Pressure = Force / Area • Units of pressure are Pascal (Pa) or N/m². Force is measured in Newtons and Area in m². • Useful to find the pressure created by a force on a unit area.

3. Q = mc delta t

4. Q = heat energy • m = mass • c = specific heat • delta t = change in temperature

5. Q = mL

6. Q is the amount of energy released or absorbed during the change of phase of the substance (kJ) • m is the mass of the substance (kg) • L is the specific latent heat for a particular substance

7. 3.1.1 • 3.1.1. State that temperature determines the direction of thermal energy transfer between two objects.

8. 3.1.1 • Temperature is a scalar quantity that gives indication of the degree of hotness or coldness of abody. • Temperature determines the direction of thermal energy transfer between two bodies in contact  from the body at higher temperature to the body at lower temperature. • Thermal equilibrium occurs when all parts of the system are at the same temperature. There is noexchange of heat.

9. 3.1.2 • State the relation between the Kelvin and Celsius scales of temperature.

10. 3.1.2 • K° = C° + 273

11. 3.1.3 • State that the internal energy of a substance is the total potential energy and random kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance.

12. 3.1.3 • Thermal energy of a system is referred to as internal energy —the sum total of the potential energy and kinetic energy of the particles making up the system. •  Potential energy of the molecules arises from the forces between them. •  Kinetic energy of the molecules arises from the translational, rotational, and vibrational motion of the particles.

13. 3.1.4 • Explain and distinguish between the macroscopic concepts of temperature, internal energy, and heat.

14. 3.1.4 • Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. •  Internal Energy is the thermal energy of a system—the sum total of the potential energy and kinetic energy of the particles making up the system. •  Heat is the thermal energy that flows from one (high temperature) body to another (of lower temperature)

15. 3.1.5 • Define the mole and molar mass.

16. 3.1.5 • The mole is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary particles as there are in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. •  Molar Mass is the mass of one mole of a substance (unit is g/mol).

17. 3.1.6 • Define the Avogadro’s Constant

18. 3.1.6 • Avogadro’s Constant:one mole of a gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at 0 C° and 101.3kPa pressure and contains 6.02X1023particles.

19. 3.2.1 Define specific heat capacity and thermal capacity Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise a unit mass of a substance by one Kelvin while the thermal capacity of an object is the energy required to raise any object’s temperature by one Kelvin.

20. 3.2.2 Solve problems involving specific heat capacities and thermal capacities 300 grams of ethanol at 10 °C is heated with 14640 Joules of energy. What is the final temperature of the ethanol?Useful information:The specific heat of ethanol is 2.44 J/g·°C.

21. Solution Use the formulaq = mcΔTwhereq = heat energym = massc = specific heatΔT = change in temperature14640 J = (300 g)(2.44 J/g·°C)ΔTSolve for ΔT:ΔT = 14640 J/(300 g)(2.44 J/g·°C)ΔT = 20 °CΔT = Tfinal - TinitialTfinal = Tinital + ΔTTfinal = 10 °C + 20 °CTfinal = 30 °C

22. 3.2.3 Explain the physical differences between the solid, liquid and gaseous phases in terms of molecular structure and particle motion A solid is made up of particles that are arranged in a solid 3D shape. There is a strong force of attraction between the particles. If the solid was to be heated the particles would gain energy and start to vibrate more vigorously. In a liquid the particles are free to move around. A liquid will mould itself to the shape of the container that it is in. There is still a force of attraction between the particles. In a gas the particles are free to move around. The particles have a lot of energy so move quickly. Collisions between the molecules and the side of the container are responsible for the pressure which a gas exerts. There is almost no force of attraction between the molecules in a gas.

23. 3.2.3 Describe and explain the process of phase changes in terms of molecular behaviour. Kinetic theory can be used to explain what happens to a substance as it is heated. To change form a solid to a liquid the particles must gain sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the forces between them and break away from their fixed positions. While the substance is changing state its temperature does not increase. This can be seen as a plateau when you look at a heating curve. Once the phase change has been completed the particles begin to gain more kinetic energy and the temperature of the substance again increases. As the boiling point is increased the particles gain enough energy to completely overcome the intermolecularforcesand escape into the gaseous state. As this happens there is another plateau in the cooling curve (D- »E). In condensation the particles are slowing themselves down becoming closer together and so forming water. When the particles are heated together, they gain kinetic energy and when they gain enough energy they escape, becoming a gas. The particles lose kinetic energy and form a solid when freezing.

24. 3.2.5 Explain in terms of molecular behaviour why temperature does not change during a phasechange. The energy is being used to break or make bonds and so the energy is not turned into kinetic energy.

25. 3.2.6 Distinguish between evaporation and boiling

26. Evaporation is the change of state from liquid to gas that occurs below the boiling point of that liquid. In a liquid a small amount of the molecules have sufficient kinetic energy to leave the surface of the liquid and become a gas. As the high energy molecules are leaving the liquid the temperature of the remaining liquid falls. The rate of evaporation depends on: • The surface area of the liquid. As molecules only leave from the surface of the liquid, if there is a large surface area then evaporation will occur more quickly. • The temperature of the liquid. If the liquid is warmer then more molecules will have sufficient Kinetic energy to escape. • The pressure of the air above the liquid. If the pressure is higher more Kinetic Energy will be required to escape. • Movement of air. If there is a draught across the liquid the rate of evaporation will increase. Boiling occurs when the whole liquid is heated to its boiling point. All the molecules have sufficient Kinetic Energy to turn into a gas.

28. F= force • G= universal gravitation= 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2kg-2 • m1/m2 = point masses • r2 = distance squared

30. F = force • k = Coulomb constant = 8.99 x 10-12 Nm2C-2 • q1/q2 = charges • r2 = distance squared

32. g = acceleration of free fall = 9.81 ms-2 • F = force • m = test mass

33. E =

34. E = electric field • F = force • q = positive unit test charge

36. F = force • q1/q2 = charges • 4π = constant • Ε=permittivity of free space = 8.85 x 10

38. q =magnitude of the charge • B = magnitude of the magnetic field • V = velocity of the charge • sinᶱ = between velocity and the field

40. B = magnetic field strength • I = magnitude of current • L = length of current • sinᶱ = between field and the current

41. What it means/when to use it • s=displacement • u=initial velocity • v=velocity • t=time • Use to solve for one of the variables when given other variables in a displacement problem when velocity is involved Equation s=[(u+v)/2]t

42. What it means/when to use it • s=displacement • u=initial velocity • t= time • a= acceleration • Use to solve for one of the variables when given other variables in a displacement problem when acceleration is involved Equation s=ut+(1/2)at²

43. What it means/when to use it • s=displacement • v=velocity • u=initial velocity • a= acceleration • Use when solving for initial velocity or current velocity.

44. What it means/when to use it • F=force • m=mass • a=acceleration • Use when solving for force or any other variable when given two of the three variable. Equation F=ma

45. What it means/when to use it • p=momentum • m=mass • v=velocity • Use to solve for momentum when given mass and velocity Equation p=mv

46. What it means/when to use it • F is force • p is position • t is time • Δ stands for change • Use to determin force with a position time graph Equation

47. What it means/when to use it • F is force • t is time • m is meters • v is velocity • Δ stands for change • When told to find the impulse Equation

48. What it means/when to use it • W is work • F is force • s is displacement • cos is adjacent over hypotenuse • θ is an angle Equation

49. What it means/when to use it • is kinetic energy • m is meters • v is velocity Equation

50. Topic 2 objective 1’s • 2.1.1 Define displacement, velocity, speed, and acceleration. • Displacement: The distance moved in a particular direction, Vector • Velocity: The rate of change of displacement, Vector • Speed: the rate of change of distance, Scalar • Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity, vector • 2.2.4: State Newton’s first law of motion • An object at rest stays at rest, an object in motion stays in motion, unless acted upon by another force. • 2.2.6: State the condition for translational equilibrium • The resultant force on an object must be zero • 2.2.8 State Newton’s second law of motion. • A resultant force causes acceleration. F=ma, F=(change in momentum)/(change in time) • 2.2.10 Define linear momentum and impulse • Linear momentum: The product of mass and velocity • Impulse: change in momentum • 2.2.12 State the law of conservation of linear momentum • The total linear momentum of a system of interacting particles remains constant provided there is n resultant external force. • 2.2.14 State Newton’s third law of motion • When two bodies A and B interact, the force that A exerts on B is equal and opposite to the force that B exerts on A. • 2.3.6 State the principle of conservation of energy • If energy is lost by one object then it is gained by another • 2.3.9 Define power • The rate at which energy is transferred • Change in velocity directed in towards the center of the circle • 2.4.1 Draw a vector diagram to illustrate that the acceleration of a particle moving with constant speed in a circle is directed towards the center of the circle