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PHYS3321 Nuclear and Particle Physics

PHYS3321 Nuclear and Particle Physics. Course coordinator. Prof. Zhang Fu-Chun Head & Chair Professor Department of Physics fuchun@hku.hk Room 517 A, Chong Yuet Ming Building. Tutor. Mr. HUO Jia-wei Address: Room 418, Chong Yuet Ming Building (Physics department)

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PHYS3321 Nuclear and Particle Physics

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  1. PHYS3321 Nuclear and Particle Physics

  2. Course coordinator Prof. Zhang Fu-Chun • Head & Chair Professor • Department of Physics • fuchun@hku.hk • Room 517 A, Chong Yuet Ming Building Tutor • Mr. HUO Jia-wei • Address: Room 418, Chong Yuet Ming Building (Physics department) • Email: jiaweihuo@gmail.com • Phone: 95106582

  3. PHYS3321 Textbook

  4. To the late Prof. C.D. Beling This lecture notes are based on the course materials by the late Prof. C.D. Beling, who taught this course over the past a few years in the physics department of HKU.

  5. Four Assignments + mid-term test: 30%Examination (3 hours): 70% SCHEDULE Tuesdays 9:30 – 11:25 MW322 Thursdays 10:30 – 11:25 MW702 PHYS3321 Course Assessment

  6. Continuous Assessment • Four Assignments + 1 mid-term test + attendance • 30% of overall weighting Mid–term test: Mar. 1st 10:30-11:25 AM

  7. Course requirements • Four Assignments + 1 mid-term test + attendance • 30% of overall weighting • End of Semester Exam • 70% of overall weighting • Prerequisite: • Pass in PHYS2321(Introductory electromagnetism) and PHYS2322(Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics) and PHYS2323(Introduction to Quantum Mechanics)

  8. PHYS3321 course schedule

  9. PHYS3321 course schedule

  10. PHYS3321 course schedule (detailed)

  11. PHYS3321 course schedule (detailed)

  12. Where to get the course materials http://www.physics.hku.hk/~phys3321/ This course website will update every week You must check this website to download • lecture notes • Assignment questions • Assignment answers • Other information…

  13. This course Nuclear physics + Particle physics

  14. What will this course cover Nuclear physics • Rutherford Scattering • Electron scattering • Nuclear binding energy • Liquid drop model • Nuclear shell model • Alpha decay • Beta decay • Fission Schematic diagram of Rutherford Scattering http://en.wikipedia.org

  15. What will this course cover Nuclear physics • Rutherford Scattering • Electron scattering • Nuclear binding energy • Liquid drop model • Nuclear shell model • Alpha decay • Beta decay • Fission

  16. What will this course cover Nuclear physics • Rutherford Scattering • Electron scattering • Nuclear binding energy • Liquid drop model • Nuclear shell model • Alpha decay • Beta decay • Fission http://library.thinkquest.org/

  17. What will this course cover Nuclear physics • Rutherford Scattering • Electron scattering • Nuclear binding energy • Liquid drop model • Nuclear shell model • Alpha decay • Beta decay • Fission http://library.thinkquest.org/

  18. What will this course cover Nuclear physics • Rutherford Scattering • Electron scattering • Nuclear binding energy • Liquid drop model • Nuclear shell model • Alpha decay • Beta decay • Fission

  19. What will this course cover Particle physics (see the next a few slides) • Particle Classification • Quark Composition of Hadrons • Conservation Laws • Particle Reactions and Decays • The standard model • Grand Unified Theory

  20. Fundamental building block of baryons and mesons

  21. The six quarks

  22. Large Hadron Collider Experiment http://www.hep.phys.soton.ac.uk/~belyaev/teaching/phys3002/notes.html

  23. Particle physics:The standard model

  24. The standard model The Standard Model of elementary particles, with the gauge bosons in the rightmost column From: http://en.wikipedia.org

  25. The standard model Summary of interactions between particles described by the Standard Model. From: http://en.wikipedia.org

  26. The Four Fundamental Forces

  27. Practical Applications • Nuclear fission for energy generation. • No greenhouse gases • Safety and storage of radioactive material. • Nuclear fusion • No safety issue (not a bomb) • Less radioactive material but still some. • Nuclear transmutation of radioactive waste with neutrons. • Turn long lived isotopes  stable or short lived. • Every physicist should have an informed opinion on these important issues! *Slide by Tony Weidberg

  28. Medical Applications • Radiotherapy for cancer • Kill cancer cells. • Used for 100 years but can be improved by better delivery and dosimetery • Heavy ion beams can give more localised energy deposition. • Medical Imaging • MRI (Nuclear magnetic resonance) • X-rays (better detectors  lower doses) • Positron emission tomography (PET) • Many others…see Medical & Environmental short option. *Slide by Tony Weidberg

  29. Medical Applications 3He magnetic resonance imaging of the lung Non-smoker Light smoker Mainz University and University hospital Mainz, 1999

  30. Other Applications • Radioactive Dating • C14/C12 gives ages for dead plants/animals/people. • Rb/Sr gives age of earth as 4.5 Gigayear (1 Gigayear= 1×109 years). • Element analysis • Forenesic (eg date As in hair). • Biology (eg elements in blood cells) • Archaeology (eg provenance via isotope ratios). *Slide by Tony Weidberg

  31. Nuclear physics history

  32. History facts • Bequerel • Discovers natural radioactivity in Uranium salts. Conclusions – the Uranium atom is unstable • J. J. Thompson • Discovers the electron in “cathode rays” and measures e/me

  33. 1898 Wein - Discovers the proton in the “Canal rays” of H2 discharge. A positive particle ~2000 times mass of electron. 1898 Mdm and Pierre Currie find new naturally occuring radioactive atoms – Polonium and Radium.

  34. 1899 – 1903 Discovery of the α, β and γ components of nuclear radiation 1900 – 1910 Thomson model of the atom prevailed Proton charge evenly distributed over size of 1Å. Electrons imbedded and oscillatory.

  35. 1911 The Nuclear Hypothesis. Rutherford postulated that the positive charge of the atom lay in a “nucleus”. The electrons circulated around the nucleus to form the atom. Moreover Rutherford and his coworkers tested this model experimentally by scattering alpha particles from the nucleus. The data confirmed the nuclear model and not the Thompson model. Nuclear radius less than =1fm= 1 Fermi Charge on nucleus = atomic number =Z

  36. 1913 Bohr publishes the first quantum theory of the H-atom based on the nuclear model 1911 – 1932 Electron + Protons model of nucleus • During the 1920s this model came under criticism from many physicists. • How could the electrons be confined • How could the spins of nuclei be accounted for? Rutherford suggested that there must be another particle called the Neutron inside the nucleus Spin

  37. 1932 Neutron discovered by Chadwick 1932 Heisenberg - formalizes neutron + proton model of nucleus

  38. Discovery of Nuclear Fission – Hahn, Meitner and Strassman • 1939 Liquid Drop Model completed • 1942 First Controlled Fission • 1945 First Fission Bomb • Pi meson discovered by Powel • 1949 Shell Model of Nuclear Structure completed • (Mayer, Jensen, Haxel, Suess)

  39. Particle physics history

  40. Matter equates with Energy E=mc2 Energy Mass

  41. Cockroft and Walton http://homepage.eircom.net/~louiseboylan/Pages/Cockroft_walton.htm • 1931, First artificial splitting of nucleus • Also the first transmutation using artificially accelerated particles • And the first experimental verification of E = mc2 John Cockcroft Ernest Walton Nobel Prize 1951

  42. Cockroft and Walton http://homepage.eircom.net/~louiseboylan/Pages/Cockroft_walton.htm • 1931, First artificial splitting of nucleus • Also the first transmutation using artificially accelerated particles • And the first experimental verification of E = mc2 1 MeV 17.3 MeV Proton + Lithium Two alpha particles + Energy

  43. History of Particle Physics 1935 Hideki Yukawa published his theory of mesons, which explained the interaction between protons and neutrons, and was a major influence on research into elementary particles. Yukawa’s theory predicted that there was a particle – the Pion – that mediated the strong nuclear force that bound neutrons and protons together in the nucleus Hideki Yukawa (1907 – 1981)

  44. History of Particle Physics 1932 Carl Anderson working with high altitude cloud chamber discovers the positron (The anti-particle of the electron) as predicted by Dirac’s theory 1936 Anderson also discovers the Muon – (then known as the Mu-Meson) The Muon was originally thought to be the Yukawa particle (Pion) because it had a mass in the right range ~ 200 me. However the Muon did not interact with neutrons or protons. We now know the Pion is the parent of the Muon. Carl Anderson (1905 – 1991) Pions decay into two particles, a muon and a muon neutrino or antineutrino

  45. History of Particle Physics 1947 Cecil Powell and collaborators at Bristol University UK finally discovered the Pion in short tracks in nuclear emulsions. Cecil Powell (1903 – 1969)

  46. History of Particle Physics • First Proton Synchrotron 2.3GeV (Brookhaven) • 1953 First production of Strange particles • 1955 Anti-proton produced • 1956 Parity violation discovered (C.S. Wu) • 1964 Quark model proposed (Gell-Mann, Zweig) • 1967 Electroweak model proposed (Weinberg, Salam) • 1974 Charm quark discovered (Richter, Ting) • 1977 Bottom quark discovered (Lederman) • 1983 W and Z particles discovered (CERN) • 1996 Top quark discovered (Fermi Lab)

  47. Today’s Particle physics

  48. Particle Physics: searching for Higgs Boson 2011 First hard evidence of God particle (Higgs boson) was found by CERN researchers --- yet to be confirmed in 2012 A typical 'candidate event' for the Higgs boson, including two high-energy photons whose energy (depicted by red towers) is measured by CMS. The yellow lines are the measured tracks of other particles produced in the collision

  49. Particle Physics: searching for Higgs Boson The CMS detector weighs a staggering 13,000 tons. CMS is a particle detector that is designed to see a wide range of particles and phenomena produced in high-energy collisions in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) . Like a cylindrical onion, different layers of detectors measure the different particles, and use this key data to build up a picture of events at the heart of the collision

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