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Macromolecules

Macromolecules. Carbohydrates. Elements - Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H) , and Oxygen(O). Structural unit -monosaccharide (one sugar) Example – glucose. Carbohydrates Cont. Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction combining 2 molecules together and forming one molecule of water.

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules

  2. Carbohydrates • Elements - Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H) , and Oxygen(O). • Structural unit -monosaccharide (one sugar) • Example – glucose

  3. Carbohydrates Cont.. • Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction combining 2 molecules together and forming one molecule of water. • http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html • Disaccharide – two sugars, e.g. maltose

  4. Carbohydrates Cont.. • Polysaccharide- many sugars, e.g. glycogen (starch) • Hydrolysis reaction - adding water to break molecules apart. • http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

  5. Carbs Cont.. • Function: main source of energy for living organisms and some animals use them for structural purposes. Ex: Chitin (exoskeletons in animals), cellulose (cell wall in plants)

  6. Lipids • Elements - C, H, and O. • Structural unit - fatty acid, consisting of a carboxyl group, C chain and Hydrogen’s. • Examples - fats,oils and waxes.

  7. Lipids Cont… • Saturated fat - single bonds between C, e.g. solids, butter, meat • Unsaturated fat - double bonds between C, e.g. liquids, oils • Cholesterol - essential compound in animal tissue, but can build up causing narrow arteries. Which can lead to heart attack.

  8. Lipids Cont.. • Lipids consist of one glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids attached • Function: Store energy, important parts of cell membranes and waterproof coverings.

  9. Proteins • Elements - nitrogen (N), C, H and O. • Structural unit - amino acid, consisting of 1 carboxyl group, 1 amino group, 1 hydrogen atom, and a side chain represented by R. • Example - hormone, muscle, cell parts.

  10. Proteins Cont… • Amino acids are bonded together by a dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other. This is a peptide bond. • http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html • Dipeptide - 2 amino acids. • Polypeptide - 3 or more amino acids.

  11. Proteins Cont.. • Function: Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some form bones and muscles. Some transport substances into or out of cells or help fight disease (antibodies).

  12. Proteins Cont… • The sequence of amino acids determines its structure and the structure determines the function. • http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html

  13. Nucleic Acid • Elements - phosphorous (P), N, C, H and O. • Example - RNA and DNA • Made of nucleotides which consist of sugar and phosphate sides and nitrogen bases, in between Consisting of guanine, cytosine, Thymine and adenine. DNA is a twisted ladder called a double helix.

  14. Nucleic Acid Cont… • RNA is single stranded containing Guanine, cytosine, adenine and uracil.

  15. Nucleic Acid Cont… • Function: These store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. They are the code that determines which amino acid gets picked up so in turn what protein is made.

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