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Argumentative Fallacies

Argumentative Fallacies. The Koalas. Fallacies. Arguments that are flawed by their very nature or structure Faulty reasoning Make productive argument more difficult Fallacies are classified according to emotional, ethical, and logical appeals. Emotional Fallacies. Scare Tactics

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Argumentative Fallacies

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  1. Argumentative Fallacies The Koalas

  2. Fallacies • Arguments that are flawed by their very nature or structure • Faulty reasoning • Make productive argument more difficult • Fallacies are classified according to emotional, ethical, and logical appeals

  3. Emotional Fallacies • Scare Tactics • Exaggerating possible possible dangers well beyond their statistical likelihood • Used to stampede legitimate fears into panic or prejudice • Either-Or Choices • Reduce complicated issues to just two simple options • Designed to obscure legitimate alternatives

  4. Emotional Fallacies cont. • Slippery Slope • Tiny misstep slides into disaster • Exaggeration of the likely consequences of an action to frighten readers • Overly Sentimental Appeals • Use tender emotions excessively to distract readers from facts • Makes the readers feel guilty if they challenge an idea • Prevents people from thinking clearly because of their emotions

  5. Emotional Fallacies cont. • Bandwagon Appeals • Urge people to follow the path everyone else is taking, rather than think independently

  6. Ethical Fallacies • Appeals to False Authority • Writers offer themselves as sufficient warrant for believing a claim • Dogmatism • Assumes that a particular position is the only one that is conceivably acceptable, implying that no arguments are necessary • Ad Hominem Arguments • Attack the character of a person rather than the claims they are making

  7. Ethical Fallacies cont. • Stacking the Deck • Show one side of the story – the one in the writers favor

  8. Logical Fallacies • Hasty Generalization • An inference drawn from insufficient evidence • Faulty Causality • The faulty assumption that because one event or action follows another, the first causes the second • Begging the Question • A claim is made on grounds that can’t be accepted as true because those grounds themselves are in question (I can’t get a “C,” I’m an “A” student)

  9. Logical Fallacies cont. • Equivocation • Half truths or arguments that give lies an honest appearance • Non Sequitur • An argument whose claims, reasons, or warrants don’t connect logically • Straw Man • Attack of an argument that isn’t really there • Speaker or writer sets up a “straw man,” knocks him down and claims victory over an opponent that was arguing something completely different

  10. Logical Fallacies cont. • Red Herring • Changes the subject abruptly to throw readers or listeners off the trail • Faulty Analogies • Inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts

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