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Tonight’s Agenda

Tonight’s Agenda. Internet Links & Articles Hardware Software Video & discussion Project ???. What are the 5 basic categories of computer hardware?. Hardware. Input devices Output devices CPU, RAM, BIOS, controllers Secondary storage devices Network and telecom devices

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Tonight’s Agenda

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  1. Tonight’s Agenda • Internet Links & Articles • Hardware • Software • Video & discussion • Project • ???

  2. What are the 5 basic categories of computer hardware?

  3. Hardware • Input devices • Output devices • CPU, RAM, BIOS, controllers • Secondary storage devices • Network and telecom devices Do you see the system theme continuing here? Input, processing, output, storage, control/feedback mechanisms?

  4. Calculating pre-computer • Counting on fingers and toes • Abacus: manipulating stones or beads to count • The word calculate comes from calculus, the Latin word for small stone • First mechanical adding machine • Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 • Wheels to move counters • Machines in the age of industrialization • Mechanical loom with cards punched with holes

  5. Early computing • Charles Babbage and the Analytical Engine • 19th century • Machine that calculated, stored values in memory and perform logical comparisons • Mechanical rather than electronics • Herman Hollerith and the 1890 census • Punched cards to record census data (where did these come from??) • Cards read in a tabulating machine • Hollerith’s company went onto become IBM

  6. Electronic computers • ENIAC – first electronic and digital computer • 1946 • Programmable • 5000 calculations per second • Used vacuum tubes • First generation computer • Drawbacks: size and could only run 1 program

  7. Next wave of computing • Second generation, late 1950s • Transistors replace the vacuum tubes • 200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second • Third generation, mid 1960s • Integrated circuitry, miniaturization • Fourth generation, 1971 • Further miniaturization of circuits • Multiprogramming and virtual storage • Fifth generation, 1980s • Millions of calculations per second

  8. Microcomputers (a.k.a. PC’s) • 1975, ALTAIR, flicking switches • 1977, Commodore and Radio Shack produce personal computers • 1979, Apple computer – garage built w/RS parts, the fastest selling PC so far • 1982, IBM introduces the PC which helps change the market • 1984, Apple Macintosh, GUI, mouse, windows, 32-bit OS

  9. Computer System Categories

  10. Microcomputer Systems • Personal Computer (PC) – microcomputer for use by an individual • Desktop – fit on an office desk • Laptop – small, portable PC • Smaller devices??? Other devices???

  11. Microcomputer Systems • Workstation – a powerful, networked PC for business professionals • Network Server – more powerful microcomputers that coordinate telecommunications and resource sharing in small networks

  12. How corporate buyers choose PCs • Solid performance at a reasonable price • Operating system ready • Connectivity – reliable network interface or wireless capability • Focus on task-specific functions rather than extras • Other considerations? • How is this different than home purchases?

  13. Terminals – outdated or reborn? • Devices that allow access to a network • Dumb terminals – keyboard and video monitor with limited processing • Intelligent terminals – modified networked PCs or network computers • Network terminals or computers • Windows terminals depend on network servers for software, processing and storage – virtual sessions? • Internet terminals depend the Internet for operating systems and software – UNIVERSAL CLIENT??

  14. Information Appliances • Hand-held microcomputer devices – netbooks? • Personal digital assistants (PDA) • BlackBerry – iphone – cell phones – etc • Ipad - tablets • Video-game consoles • Other

  15. Midrange systems • High-end network servers • Minicomputers for scientific research and industrial process monitoring • Less costly to buy, operate and maintain than mainframe

  16. Mainframe Computer Systems • Large, fast powerful computer systems • Large primary and secondary storage capacity • High transaction processing • Complex computations • More???????

  17. Supercomputer Systems • Extremely powerful systems • Scientific, engineering and business applications at extremely high speeds • Global weather forecasting, military defense • Parallel processing with thousands of microprocessors • Billions of operations per second • Millions of dollars • +

  18. Computer hardware functions • Input • Keyboards, mice, optical scanners • Convert data into electronic form • Processing • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Arithmetic-logic unit performs the arithmetic functions • Control unit • Output • Video display units, printers, etc. • Convert electronic information into human-intelligible form

  19. Computer hardware functions • Storage • Primary Storage Unit or memory • Secondary Storage • Magnetic disks and Optical disks • Control • Control unit of the CPU • Controls the other components of the computer • Peripherals

  20. Moore’s Law Where are we now? Still true?

  21. Storage tradeoffs

  22. Computer Storage Fundamentals • Binary representation • Data are processed and stored in computer system through the presence or absence of signals • Either ON or OFF • ON = number 1 • OFF = number 0

  23. Bit and Byte • Bit (short for binary digit) • Smallest element of data • Either zero or one • Byte • Group of eight bits which operate as a single unit • Represents one character or number

  24. Representing characters in bytes

  25. Computers use binary system to calculate

  26. Measuring storage capacities • Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes • Megabyte (MB): one million bytes • Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes • Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes • Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes

  27. Direct and sequential access

  28. Semiconductor memory • Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips • Used for primary storage • Advantage: • Small size • Fast • Shock and temperature resistance • Disadvantage: • Volatility: must have uninterrupted electric power or lose memory • Memristors – the missing component

  29. Two types of semiconductor memory • RAM: random access memory • Primary storage medium • Volatile memory • Read/write memory • ROM: read only memory • Permanent storage • (typically) Can be read but cannot be overwritten – modern chips can but only on the system level • Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing • Used to store firmware

  30. Flash drive • Permanent storage • Semiconductor memory • Small chip with thousands of transistors • Easily transported • What about solid state hard drives? Source: Courtesy of Lexar Media.

  31. Magnetic Disks • Used for secondary storage • Fast access and high storage capacity Source: Corbis. Source: Quantum.

  32. Types of magnetic disks • Floppy disks • Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacket • Hard disk drives • Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in sealed module • RAID (Redundant arrays of independent disks) • Disk arrays of interconnected hard disk drives • Fault tolerant with multiple copies on several disks

  33. Magnetic Tape • Secondary storage • Tape reels and cartridges • Used in robotic automated drive assemblies • Archival storage and backup storage

  34. Optical Disks

  35. Uses of optical disks • Image processing • Long term storage of historical files of images • Scan documents and store on optical disks • Publishing medium for fast access to reference materials • Catalogs, directories, etc. • Interactive multimedia applications • Video games, educational videos, etc.

  36. Radio Frequency Identification • RFID • Tag and identify mobile objects • E.g., store merchandise, postal packages, pets • Use RFID chips to transmit and receive radio signals • Chips half the size of a grain of sand • Passive chips: • do not have power source and derive power from signal in reader • Active chips: • Self-powered

  37. RFID versus bar codes • RFID • Scan from greater distance • Can store data • Allows more information to be tracked • Privacy concerns due to invisible nature

  38. Computer Software System Software Application Software General- Purpose Programs Application- Specific Programs System Management Programs System Development Programs Software

  39. Operating System Functions • Provides a user interface • Command-driven, Menu driven • GUI (graphical user interface) • Manages hardware – CPU, memory, storage, communications, & I/O • File Management • Task Management

  40. User Interface Resource Management Task Management File Management Utilities and Other Functions Operating System Overview

  41. Operating System Types • DOS – Windows 3.1 (3.11) • MacOS – pre OS X • Windows 95/98/Me • Windows NT - 3.51, 4, 2000, XP, 2003 • Win Vista & 7 • UNIX, LINUX, & MacOS X?? • Are there others?

  42. Software Utilities • Many former 3rd party utilities are now nested as standard OS components • File Management/transfer/remote access • System Maintenance & Disk Utilities • Anti-virus & firewalls • Zip file programs • Others??? Name some . . . .

  43. Programming Languages • Assembly/machine language • FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, Basic • C/C++/C# (the code behind Unix & Linux) • Visual Basic • SQL (for database development) • XHTML, XML, CSS (web pages) • Java Script, PHP, ASP, Perl, etc (adds programming power to web pages) • 4GLs – A.I. & non-procedural/natural languages

  44. Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions High Level Languages Use brief statements Markup Languages Use embedded control codes 1001 1001 1100 1101 <H1>First heading</H> <!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)> Compute X = Y + Z Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions Fourth Generation Languages Use natural statements Object-Oriented Languages Define objects that contain data and actions SUM THE FOLLOWINGNUMBERS LOD Y ADD Z Document.write (“Hi There”) Categories of Programming Languages • Evolving towards natural language . . .

  45. Application design • What are your Inputs? • What is the desired Output? • Processing logic – How do we get there? • Code – Write the program. • Test the program and adjust if needed. • Documentation – So that future alterations and improvements can be easily made.

  46. Software acquisition • Buy • Buy and modify • Build in-house • Outsource to build

  47. Major Software Applications • Office Apps -- MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Outlook • Enterprise Databases -- Oracle • Groupware -- Lotus Notes, GroupWise • Web Authoring -- FrontPage & Dreamweaver • Web -- Netscape & IE, also FTP, chat, IM, newsgroup readers, email clients, Others? • Microsoft Visio & multimedia (plug-ins) • Art & DTP -- Photoshop, Paint shop pro, Quark • Accounting, CAD/CAM • OTHERS – What do you use??

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