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Oracle Database Administration

Oracle Database Administration. Session 3 Installation. Announcements. The TA sessions will be held at 53 Church St., Room 202 The first TA session starts tonight 7:35PM, after class. Online TA session Thursday nights 7:30PM to 9:30PM Web site http://www.courses.harvard.edu/ext/22750.

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Oracle Database Administration

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  1. Oracle Database Administration Session 3 Installation

  2. Announcements • The TA sessions will be held at 53 Church St., Room 202 • The first TA session starts tonight 7:35PM, after class. • Online TA session Thursday nights 7:30PM to 9:30PM • Web site http://www.courses.harvard.edu/ext/22750

  3. The OFA Standard

  4. Oracle Directory Structure

  5. Files • Datafiles contain the actual data stored in a database • The Parameter file contain the initialization parameters used to create the memory area it will use, to manage the database • Control files map the physical files of the database to the logical tablespaces and online redo logs. It helps ensure the database remains consistent

  6. Files • Redo files contain enough information to allow Oracle to reconstruct or back out a transaction, if the database should shutdown before these changes have been written to the disk • INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, ALTER, or DROP operations generate redo • Alert and Trace files contain information on the health of the database and provides warnings when problems occur

  7. Files • Backup files contain copies of the database files and can be used to recover the database. • The standard convention for file extensions or endings to file names are • data files .dbf • control files .ctl • redo log files .dbf (some use .rdo) • parameter file .ora

  8. Datafiles and Tablespaces

  9. Oracle’s “Logical” World • A Tablespace is a logical division of a database. • Each tablespace is made up of one or more datafiles. • A datafile belongs to one tablespace

  10. Oracle’s “Logical” World • A tablespace can belong to only one database • There must be at least two tablespaces SYSTEM and SYSAUX to create a database • Other include USERS, UNDO, TOOLS, etc.

  11. Undo segments • Undo segments hold the before image of the data in a transaction • As a program begins to change the data in the database, Oracle changes the physical blocks that contain that information. • Before changing the data block buffers in the SGA or writing to disk, Oracle takes a copy of this data in an undo segment

  12. Tablespace Examples • System holds all objects owned by the sys user • SYSAUX is an auxiliary tablespace to the SYSTEM tablespace • Rollback (RBS) (undo) is used to store the rollback segments • Temp (Temporary) is used for sort functions.

  13. Tablespace Examples • Users is the default space for user accounts • Tools should be the default space for the system user, after database creation. • Data holds the ‘real’ application data • Index holds the index data for the application

  14. System Requirements • Memory minimum of 1024M required for Oracle11g installation • /usr/sbin/prtconf | grep “Memory size” • Disk space of approx 3.3GB needed for the Oracle11g Enterprise Edition • 400MB swap minimum • /usr/sbin/swap –l • 400MB free space in the /tmp directory • df -k /tmp

  15. Operating System Requirements • O/S Solaris 9 or 10 • uname -r • O/S kernel patch set version for the specific O/S version • /bin/isainfo -kv

  16. Operating System Requirements • We need a native window manager or some xterm emulation software. Character mode installs are not supported in 9i or 10g • The Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) is java based

  17. Operating System Requirements • The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is shipped with Oracle10g and 11g • To determine your operating system information, use the following commands • uname –a for system information • showrev –p for patch levels

  18. Root Level Setup • Configure the Kernal • Create the mount points • /u01 • /u02 • /u0?? • Create the dba group • Create the Oracle user

  19. Kernel Parameters • These are the kernel parameters for Oracle11g • All are found in the /etc/system file • For Solaris you can also use /etc/project • Shared Memory is a region that can be shared between different processes • shmmax 4GB (max) (4294967295) • shmmni 100

  20. Kernel Parameters • SHMMAX - kernel parameter controlling maximum size of one shared memory segment • SEMMNI - kernel parameter controls the maximum number of semaphore sets. Semaphores in Unix are allocated in sets of 1 to SEMMSL. • SEMMSL - kernel parameter controls the maximum number of semaphores in a semaphore set. • SEMMNS - kernel parameter controls the maximum number of semaphores in the system

  21. Kernel Parameters • What is a Semaphore • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) • http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid39_gci212959,00.html • Semaphores • semmni 100 • semmsl 256 • semmns 256

  22. Kernel Parameters • ipcs: The ipcs utility provides information about active inter-process communication facilities • man ipcs • ipcrm: Can be used to remove a message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory ID • man ipcrm

  23. Oracle Requirements • Oracle 11g cannot be installed into an older oracle_home, that contains Oracle Software earlier than 11g

  24. Unix Account • The DBA Unix group • The Oracle Unix account • Set umask to 022, sets the file creation mask • Set the DISPLAY variable DISPLAY=ora256.dce.harvard.edu:0.0 (Another example DISPLAY=128.103.81.222:0.0) export DISPLAY

  25. Unix Account • ORACLE_BASE is the directory at the top of the Oracle Software and administrative file structure. The OFA-recommended value is {mount_point}/app/oracle • ORACLE_HOME is the directory that contains the Oracle software for a given release. $ORACLE_BASE/product/release_version is the OFA standard

  26. Unix Account • NLS_LANG is required if creating a database using a character set different than US7ASCII (the default) • ORA_NLS10 is required if creating a database with a storage character set other than US7ASCII.

  27. Unix Account • To update the current session • . ./.profile for Bourne or Korn • To get the disk space available use the following • df –k | cat • To describe the environment and list the variables • env

  28. Example Profile • # Local .profile • # Set Environment • set -a • EDITOR=vi • TERM=vt100 • # Set Oracle Environment • ORACLE_BASE=/export/home/oracle • ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.0.1test • TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin • ORACLE_TERM=vt100 • LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH: • TMPDIR=/tmp • # Set Path Search Directories • PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH: • set +a • umask 022

  29. Installation • Mount the CD • This usually mounts automatically to /cdrom/oracle10g • If not, login as root • su root • mkdir cdrom • Manually mount the CD • mount –r –F hsfs device_name /cdrom

  30. Installation • For 11g when codeset downloaded from Oracle website and expanded • 11g/database • solaris.sparc64_11gR1_database.zip 2GB

  31. Installation • Start the OUI as the Oracle user • Go to the CD-ROM mount point • cd /cdrom/oracle10g • Start the OUI • ./runInstaller &

  32. Inventory • Orainventory is a repository of all installed Oracle products • Make it Oracle Home specific • /var/opt/oracle for Sun Solaris • oraInst.loc • /etc for HPUX, AIX

  33. Inventory • #Oracle Installer Location File Location • inst_group=dba • #inventory_loc=/u01/app/oracle/oraInventory • inventory_loc=/u01/app/oracle/product/oraInventory

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