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Geog / Planning 379 – Urban Growth & Development Lecture 11: The Central Business District 1. CBD “Users” 2. Advanta

Geog / Planning 379 – Urban Growth & Development Lecture 11: The Central Business District 1. CBD “Users” 2. Advantages of CBD Location for Office Employers 3. CBD Linkage Types 4. Intra-CBD Location Patterns: The ‘Core-Frame’ Concept

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Geog / Planning 379 – Urban Growth & Development Lecture 11: The Central Business District 1. CBD “Users” 2. Advanta

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  1. Geog / Planning 379 – Urban Growth & Development Lecture 11: The Central Business District 1. CBD “Users” 2. Advantages of CBD Location for Office Employers 3. CBD Linkage Types 4. Intra-CBD Location Patterns: The ‘Core-Frame’ Concept 5. CBD Decline: Concepts of Absolute versus Relative Change 6. CBD Revitalization Strategies READING: Required: Textbook Ch 6, 135-147 Optional:Rannells Alice – objects that “glory” does not mean the same thing as “a nice knockdown argument.” Humpty Dumpty – “When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean – neither more nor less.” Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass

  2. 1. CBD “Users” • One way to begin to understand the role of the CBD is to consider who uses it… 4 Major Groups: • Workers – Still primary location for many major employers, office buildings, gov’t offices • Residents – Usually now at extremes of income scale • Shoppers – Many CBDs much smaller role than formerly • Visitors – Renaissance in many CBDs in the hotel industry: CBD asentertainment and cultural center • These groups found in CBD in different proportions at different times of the day and days of the week

  3. 1. CBD Users Total Number of People in CBD Residents and Visitors Workers and Shoppers M 6:00 AM Noon 6:00 PM M Time of Day

  4. 2. Advantages of CBD Location for Office Employers • Whether or not a downtown stays healthy has a lot to do these days with job decentralization • Most CBDs still major centers of large employers Reasons for CBD location: • Face-to-face contact • Accessibility • Broadly diversified labor pool • Prestige • Linkages between employers

  5. 3. CBD Linkage Types A B 4 Types of CBD Linkages (Rannells): • Competitive • Complementary • Ancillary • Commensal PA > 3PB Synergistic Effects! PA PB Consumer 1. Competitive Linkages: External Market CBD No Direct Interaction among locational units… Proximity to competitorshelps each Comparison shopping facilitated Dept Store Dept Store Dept Store

  6. 3. CBD Linkage Types Direct linkages and interactions among locational units… Related functions cluster together NOT:Complimentary! • Competitive • Complementary CBD Daily Metro Newspaper Advertising Agency External Market (Residential Areas) Commercial Bank Art Supply Store

  7. 3. CBD Linkage Types Clusters of unlike functions serve single pool of clients (Downtown employees) Internal CBD Market One LARGE locational unit and a number of smaller ancillary units From word for “maid servant” – these are auxiliary or helping linkages • Competitive • Complementary • Ancillary CBD XYZ Corp. Office Tower Lu Ann’s Coffee Shop Candy Store Flower Shop Newsstand

  8. 3. CBD Linkage Types • Competitive • Complementary • Ancillary • Commensal No Direct Interaction among locational units… All serve separate external markets …But they have common needs Alternate type of these: sharing of common suppliers From word for “eating together at the same table” 13th Floor XYZ Office Tower Bill Collection Agency Website Design Firm Independent Documentary Film Studio

  9. 4. Intra-CBD Location Patterns: The Core-Frame Concept • Recall Burgess Concentric Zone Model • He identified two main parts of the CBD • CBD Proper • CBD Fringe • This is same idea as in Core-Frame Model • Basic Idea: Intensely built-up nucleus surrounded by much larger, less intensely developed frame area containing land uses that either support those in the core or cannot afford steep rents of the core

  10. 4. Intra-CBD Location Patterns: The Core-Frame Concept • Principal Core Land Uses: • Office Towers • Government Functions • Major Retail Area • Financial District • Entertainment: Theaters, Arenas, Stadiums • Hotels • Convention Centers • Restaurants, Bars, Clubs Frame Light Manufacturing PARKING Core Wholesaling PARKING Warehousing Multifamily housing PARKING Medical Center

  11. 5.CBD Decline: Concepts of Absolute versus Relative Change • Consider historical demise of retailing and the change in employment shares for the CBD • For instance, between 1963 and 1972: CBD retail sales: 15% → 7.4% CBD employment: 17.3% → 14.6% • These vary a lot by city! Retail sales: Atlanta 19.3% → 7.4% Denver 11.3% → 4.4% • Some cities’ CBDs are faring better Portland’s is still single largest retail center Denver’s Downtown has been revitalized dramatically • Even during the worst time period (1963-1972) in Salt Lake City’s CBD sales grew by 8.8% while its share went down almost as much as national average: 15.6% → 8.7% • Let’s look at a numerical example to illustrate absolute versus relative decline…

  12. 5.CBD Decline: Concepts of Absolute versus Relative Change Absolute Decline: Both Metro Area and CBD Lost retailing Which experienced worse decline? Metro Area: -5 million change on base of 15 million = 33% decline CBD: -3 million change on base of 6 million = 50% decline CBD experienced both an ABSOLUTE and a RELATIVE decline!

  13. 5.CBD Decline: Concepts of Absolute versus Relative Change Absolute Increase: Both Metro Area and CBD Gained retailing Which was bigger gain? Metro Area: +10 million change on base of 20 million = 50% increase CBD: +1 million change on base of 5 million = 20% increase So CBD experienced an ABSOLUTE INCREASE but a RELATIVE decline! Alternative way to think about this is in terms of CBD share…

  14. 6. CBD Revitalization Strategies • What can be done to halt declines? • Why should we care? • Retailing: Battle largely lost, but… • Innovations: Shopping mall strategies: Eaton Centre in Toronto Eaton’s Simpson’s 3 Stories of Shops 5 Levels of Parking Garage on site with access on Yonge Street – Main Street of old CBD retailing district

  15. 6. CBD Revitalization Strategies • What can be done to halt declines? • Why should we care? • Retailing: Battle largely lost, but… • Innovations: Shopping mall strategies: Eaton Centre in Toronto Galleria in Philadelphia • Enhance Pedestrian Environment Pedestrian malls Transit ways Skywalks (Cincinnati, Minneapolis) Underground Connections (Montreal) • Entertainment Function: Reinvent the CBD as the Metropolitan Area’s ‘Playground’! • Housing and hotels • The Main Event: Retain Employment Base and Share of Metro White-Collar Employment

  16. POP QUIZ Name _____________ • Which of the following correctly describes the CBD’s trend? • Both an absolute and a relative decline • An absolute decline but a relative increase • An absolute decline with no relative change • No absolute change but a relative decline

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