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GEOG 350&550 - Introduction to Geographic Information Science

GEOG 350&550 - Introduction to Geographic Information Science. Introduction. GIS is a convergence of technological fields and traditional disciplines

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GEOG 350&550 - Introduction to Geographic Information Science

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  1. GEOG 350&550 - Introduction to Geographic Information Science

  2. Introduction • GIS is a convergence of technological fields and traditional disciplines • GIS has been called an "enabling technology" because of the potential it offers for the wide variety of disciplines which must deal with spatial data • each related field provides some of the techniques which make up GIS • many of these related fields emphasize data collection - GIS brings them together by emphasizing integration, modeling and analysis • as the integrating field, GIS often claims to be the science of spatial information

  3. GISystems, GIScience and GIStudies • GISystems • Emphasis on technology and tools • Geospatial technologies • Emphasis on use of GIS and associated technologies • GIScience • Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and related technologies (e.g.) • Spatial analysis • Map projections • Accuracy • Scientific visualization

  4. Computer Science • Software • Databases • Networks • Programming

  5. Desktop GIS

  6. Client-server GIS

  7. Centralized Desktop GIS

  8. Centralized Server GIS

  9. The Mobile User • It is increasingly possible to obtain the services of a GIS through hand-held and wearable devices • Some cellphones can now be used to generate maps • Such maps can be centered on the user's current location

  10. Map showing WiFi hotspots in the area surrounding the user's current location (the White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC)

  11. Virtual Reality • Use of digital technology to create an artifical visual and auditory environment that simulates the actual environment elsewhere • User and subject are in different locations • Technology allows the user to explore a remote location

  12. Augmented Reality • The user is in the subject location • Technology is used to augment the user's senses • Information from a database can be displayed directly in the user's field of view • Superimposed on what is actually seen

  13. A wearable computer in use. The outfit consists of a processor and storage unit hung on the user's waist belt; an output unit clipped to the eyeglasses with a screen approximately 1 cm across and VGA resolution; an input device in the hand; and a GPS antenna on the shoulder. The batteries are in a jacket pocket. (Courtesy: Keith Clarke)

  14. The system worn here by Reg Golledge (a leader of the development team) uses GIS and GPS to augment the senses of a visually impaired person navigating through a complex space such as a university campus. (Courtesy: Reginald Golledge)

  15. Location-Based Services • An LBS is an information service provided by a device that: • Knows where it is • Modifies the information that it provides accordingly

  16. How Does a Device Know Where It Is? • GPS on board • Many current cellphones • Increasing numbers of vehicles • Fixed device, location established when device installed • Point-of-sale systems • Location deduced from Internet address

  17. InfoSplit's business is based on determining the locations of Internet users, allowing Web services to determine where their users are located

  18. Distributing the Software • A GIService is a GIS process provided remotely • A user can send a request and receive a result • A gazetteer service will accept a placename and return that location's coordinates • A geocoding service will accept a street address and return the house's coordinates

  19. Advantages of GIServices • Users do not need to obtain and install expensive software • Only one version of the service software need exist • It is always the latest version • Data used in the service can be kept constantly up to date

  20. Hand-held Field-based GIS • Lightweight hardware • Extension of desktop • Limited capabilities • Data collection • Mobile mapping • $500

  21. GIS and the Internet Internet becoming integral part of society Internet is the network infrastructure World Wide Web is the software that allows us to connect and Distributed computing environment Move beyond individual desktop workstations Allows for sharing of data and analyses Access to GIS data and mapping remotely

  22. Web-based GIS Often used in Participatory GIS Allows for broad access

  23. Multimedia GIS Integrate other types of media into GIS Qualitative information

  24. Where is Internet GIS heading? Geospatial Web Digital Globes LBS/Mobile GIS Virtual Worlds/metaverse?

  25. Beyond data capture Now moving to greater data access Information for the masses Open ‘commercial’ access to global, often high resolution, information Google Earth Google Local Virtual Earth Yahoo! Maps

  26. Web Services Services-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Client-server schema Services can support Data access, processing, analysis Geoprocessing services turn IMS to IGS ArcGIS Server OGC Geo Processing Workflow (GPW)

  27. Open Standards Interoperability is key to success of distributed GIS Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)

  28. What is the Geospatial Web? Web 2.0 AJAX & ATLAS Web Services XML driven data and processing Web-based mapping Commercial and OpenSource Collaborative mapping Mash-ups

  29. The basis of the Geospatial Web History MapQuest, IMS, WebMap, MapServer Today (2006) Where 2.0 Introduction of mapping applications Mash-Ups Ambient Findability (2005) Links information science and geospatial tech

  30. Web mapping and GIS functionality Free Web Mapping Applications not true GIS Only display maps and offer simple geocoding No real data management or spatial analysis Move toward incorporation of GIS functions Developer applications that offer basic GIS functions Microsoft Virtual Earth now includes heads-up digitizing capability

  31. Web 2.0 mapping sites Shared features Free, ‘easy-to-use’ API Collaborative mapping/Mash-ups Google Maps First in market with hybrid (road and raster) Virtual Earth MapCruncher – wizard for creating simple web mapping applications Yahoo! Maps Flash and AJAX interfaces

  32. Social Networking • Tied to the Web 2.0 phenomenon • Links social interaction through location • geotagging • WikiMapia • Outside.in

  33. Democratizing spatial data • Spatial data issues: • Expensive • Limited availability • Collected for a specific purpose • Usually tied to a specific software • Opening access to data • Web democratizes data • Free, open access

  34. Digital globe initiatives Google Earth KeyHole World Wind Skyline Globe and similar commercial Leica Virtual Environment ArcGIS Explorer ArcScene ArcGlobe Scientific use of Virtual Globes conferences

  35. Google Earth as Multimedia GIS Feature Content functionality Upload photos, video, and audio User-driven, collaborative Google’s “Geographic Web”

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