Chapter Notes 6-1 (Northern Europe)

1. Chapter Notes 6-1 (Northern Europe) • I. The United Kingdom (island separated by the English Channel) • The UK includes 4 regions: England, Wales, Scotland, and ________________. • ___% live in cities. ________ is the capital and a center of business. • ____________ and machinery are its leading exports. • The UK has both a ____________ democracy and a____________ monarchy. • E. Most are ____________ Christians and speak English. • II. The Republic of Ireland (island that is Catholic country) • Its called the “_______________” because its lush and green from its regular rainfall. • Much of the area is made up of ______ which is dug up from bogs. N. Ireland 90 London Manufacturing parliamentary constitutional Protestant Emerald Isle peat

2. C. The “________ ________” caused many Irish to migrate to the U.S • _______ settle the island hundreds of years ago. Most speak Gaelic and ____________. • _____________ in N. Ireland want to unite w/its southern neighbor. • This dispute led to __________ from the 1960’s to 1990’s. In 1998 agreement was signed to end the violence. • _____________ (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland) • Their standards of living are among the __________ in the world. • This region is made up of many landforms. Norway has _______, Denmark has forests, and Iceland (island) have __________. • Norway relies on oil and natural gas. Iceland uses _____________ energy, Finland uses hydroelectric power. • Most are constitutional monarchies and all are __________ states. Potato Famine Celts English Catholics conflict Scandinavia highest fjords geysers geothermal welfare

3. Chapter Notes 12-2 (Europe’s Heartland) • France (lies in W. Europe and has a mild climate) • Their farms are known for their ______________ such as wine and cheese. • Both traditional and ____________ industries has allowed economy to grow. • ___________ is part of their economy and many tourists visit the capital of __________. (10 million) • Most speak French and are Roman _________. Immigrants from Muslim countries has made Islam ______ largest religion. • Their government is a _________ headed by elected president and appointed prime ____________. specialization service Tourism Paris Catholic 2nd republic minister

4. II. Germany • It has plains, highlands, and ________ to the south. Danube, Elbe, and Rhine ________ are used to transport goods and materials. • In the early 1900’s, Germany’s attempt to control Europe led to ____ world wars. • _____________ came about in 1990, when the 2 parts united into one under a federal ___________. • Germany has the _________ population in Europe and Berlin is its capital. • Most speak German and are ___________ or Protestant. • Germany is a global economic power and a leader if the ________ because of its industry. Alps rivers two Reunification republic largest Catholic EU

5. III. The Benelux Countries (have a low, flat landscape) • Most live in crowded cities, have _______ standard of living, and _____________ democracies w/monarchs. • Belgium has 3 distinct cultural regions: ____________ (Dutch-speaking), Wallonia (French-speaking), and Brussels (bilingual) • Netherlands means “lowlands” because _____% is below the sea. The Dutch create ____________ to drain land from the sea. • ____________ is the capital and largest city. (90% urban) • Luxembourg is one of Europe’s _____________ countries. • It’s the center of trade and commerce which is home to many _____________ companies. Many are mixed German and French. high parliamentary Flanders 25 polders Amsterdam smallest multinational

6. IV. Switzerland and Austria (dominated by the Alps range) • ___________ Switzerland has practiced _________due to location. • Switzerland is a thriving __________ nation w/a stable democracy. • Switzerland has ____ national languages: ___________, French, ____________, and Romansch. Most speak more than one. • ___________ is a landlocked country east of Switzerland. The mountains cover and provide timber and iron ore. • Most live in cities, speak German, and practice Roman _________. • The capital is Vienna, located on the ___________, and is the center of their culture Landlocked neutrality industrial 4 German Italian Austria Catholic Danube

7. Chapter Notes 12-3 (Southern Europe) • I. Spain and Portugal • Both are located on the ____________ Peninsula. Spain is made up of the ____________ Mts. and the Meseta, a dry plateau. • _______ farming is practiced since there is a lack of rain. • Castilian ___________ is Spain’s official language though people of different regions speak different languages. • Spain’s democratic government has given these regions a great deal of ___________ (self-rule). • Spain’s capital is _______ and most live in cities and are Catholic. • ___________ is a small democratic country located west of Spain. • Most live in small villages near the capital of _________ and fish for a living. Subsidies are used to support manufacturing. Iberian Pyrenees Dry Spanish autonomy Madrid Portugal Lisbon

8. Italy – boot-shaped peninsula center located on the Mediterranean. • The Alps dominate the north and the ___________ run through the center. Sicily is a main island. • It has an industrial economy and the _____ River Valley is rich in farming (grapes and olives). • 90% live in cities and __________ is the capital and once the center of the Roman Empire. • The ________ City, located inside of Rome, is the headquarters of the Catholic Church and is an independent country. • III. Greece – extends from the ____________ Peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea making up of 2,000 islands. • Farming is limited due to poor, _________ soil.(olives and wheat) • Greece has one of the largest ____________ fleets in the world. Tourism is also important. (Ancient Greece) Apennines Po Rome Vatican Balkan stony shipping

9. Chapter Notes 6-4 (Eastern Europe) • Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics • N. ________ Plain, Baltic Sea, and Carpathian Mts. make up Poland. • After WWII, the communist set up a _________ economy, but today is a __________ economy. Warsaw is the capital. • Belarus, former Soviet Republic has a rigid government and a command economy. Main resource is ___________. • The ________ Republics - Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were under the control of the Soviet Union until 1991. • All are ____________ and have strong economies based on dairy farming, fishing, and shipbuilding.

10. Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary • A. All three are ___________ countries and democracies today. • B. The Czech Republic and Slovakia were ________ country under communist rule. • C. The ______ have rolling hills, lowlands, and plains bordered by mts. • Czechs have the __________ standard of living in Eastern Europe. • __________, the capital, is the center of service industries, tourism, and manufacturing. • The ____________ Mts. cover Slovakia. Bratislava is the capital and located on the Danube R. • ___________ landscape is a lowland area w. fertile farmland. • Its capital is Budapest located on the Danube River. They are descendents of the ____________

11. Countries of Southeastern Europe • There are ______ countries on southeastern Europe located along the Black Sea or Balkan Peninsula. • Ukraine is the ______ country in Europe divided by the Dnieper R. • Ukraine w/its rich soil for farming has the nickname “__________ of Europe”. • Russians living in the Ukraine want _______ ties which have led to ethnic divisions. • Romania was once ruled by the __________ and its language is based on Latin spoken in ancient Rome. Bucharest is the capital. • Moldova is a landlocked country and is Europe’s __________. • __________ is a mountainous country w/ fertile river valleys.

12. Most countries on the Balkan Peninsula were once part of the Communist country called ____________. • In the 1990’s, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia declared their _____________. • Serbia wanted to keep Yugoslavia under __________ rule and as a result carried out ethnic cleansing. • Albania is unique that it’s the only European country w/a ___________ majority population.