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Cognitive Neuroscience

This overview explores the essential role of neurons in cognition, detailing how these remarkable cells enable complex processes such as perception, thought, and emotion. It discusses the organization of the nervous system, how different brain areas contribute to specific functions, and the principles of neural communication, including excitation and inhibition. Additionally, advanced brain imaging techniques and studies reveal the intricate networking involved in cognition, highlighting the distinctions between the left and right hemispheres and their specialized functions.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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  1. Cognitive Neuroscience • What do neurons have to do with cognition? • How can neurons do complex things? • How do we know how the brain works? • What do different areas of the brain do? • Is each part of the brain specialized to do one specific thing?

  2. About Neurons • The nervous system is made up of neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the body. • Every perception, thought, emotion, and action is related to activity in the nervous system.

  3. A Typical Neuron

  4. Two Neurons Chatting

  5. How Neurons Do Complex Things • Excitation • Inhibition • Convergence • LOTS of neurons (about 180 billion) • Neural circuits • Distributed processing

  6. Studying the Brain Brain Imaging • fMRI - magnetic resonance • PET - radioactive emissions

  7. Studying the Brain • Single-Unit Recording • Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) • Neuropsychology • Testing • Dissociations • Autopsy

  8. Brain Structures • Cerebral Cortex • Occipital Lobes • Parietal Lobes • Frontal Lobes • Temporal Lobes

  9. Lobes of the Cerebrum

  10. The Two Hemispheres • Similar, but not identical in structure or function • Corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres • Right hemisphere controls left side of body, and vice versa

  11. Left Brain-Right Brain • Left Hemisphere specialized for sequential/analytical processing • Right Hemisphere specialized for simultaneous/holistic processing • True for almost all right-handers and many left-handers.

  12. Subcortical Areas

  13. Localization vs. Distributed Processing • Hubel and Wiesel: feature detectors in visual cortex • Prosopagnosiaand the Inferotemporal Cortex • Distributed coding

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