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Lighting

15. Lighting. Objectives. Identify the various types of lighting instruments and cite unique characteristics of each. Compare the characteristics of incandescent lamps with the characteristics of fluorescent lamps. Explain how the color temperature of light affects the video image.

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Lighting

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  1. 15 Lighting

  2. Objectives • Identify the various types of lighting instruments and cite unique characteristics of each. • Compare the characteristics of incandescent lamps with the characteristics of fluorescent lamps. • Explain how the color temperature of light affects the video image.

  3. Objectives • Recall methods to control lighting intensity. • Identify the steps in the procedure to light a set. • Describe the television lighting techniques presented and identify the instruments used with each technique.

  4. Functions of Lighting • Meet technical requirements of camera • Meet aesthetic requirements of director

  5. Creating 3-D Appearance on TV • Shoot people and objects in 3/4 angle • Apply makeup and set paint properly • Arrange set elements in fore-, middle-, and background • Use shallow depth of field • Use creative lighting and shadowing techniques

  6. Consumer vs. Professional Terms • Consumer • Lamp • Lightbulb • Professional • Instrument • Lamp

  7. Types of Light • Hard light • Soft light

  8. Lighting Instruments • Spotlights, or spots • Flood light • Scoop

  9. Lighting Instruments (Cont.) • Fresnel

  10. Accessories • Barndoors • Cinefoil, Blackwrap, or heavy duty aluminum foil • Form sheet into cylinder • Attach to front of instrument • Turn instrument on • Shape foil by hand to create shadow pattern

  11. Preventing Light Hits • Flag • Spray item with photo dulling spray • Spray item with inexpensive hair spray

  12. Preventing Light Hits (Cont.)

  13. Safety Note • Light fixturesoperate at extremely high temps • They can ignite flammable objects • They can severely burn human skin! • Always wear work gloves to prevent injury • Recommended gloves are inexpensive cotton gloves with leather palms and fingers

  14. Incandescent Lamps • High heat output—dangerous to touch with bare hands • Spreads wide light frequency, more than camera needs • Brightness can make talent squint on set • More costly than fluorescent lamps

  15. Preserving Life of Incandescent Lamps • Do not: • Turn off and on in rapid succession • Move them when they are hot • Close barndoors, trapping heat inside instrument • Point straight down; heat then enters instrument • Handle lamp with bare fingers

  16. Fluorescent Lamps • Soft, even glow • Relatively inexpensive • Low heat output—will not burn hands • Long life span • Produce much more light per watt than incandescent

  17. Supports • Floor stand • Advantages: Ease of movement, necessary for remote shoot • Disadvantages: Can tip over easily, power cord is tripping hazard, occupy much floor space • C-clamp

  18. Kelvin Color Temperature Scale

  19. White Light • Equal to3200°Kelvin (3200K) • Needed for proper colors and flesh tones on TV • Cooler (lower) color temps produce yellowish or reddish tints • Hotter (higher) color temps produce greenish or bluish tints

  20. Common Color Temperatures • Consumer lightbulbs: 2000°Kelvin (20K)— yellowish • TV studio lamps: 3200°Kelvin (32K)—white • Commercial fluorescent office/school ceiling lamps: 4500°Kelvin (45K)—greenish • Sunlight: 5600°Kelvin (56K)—bluish

  21. White Balancing the Camera • Camera needs to interpret white light to reproduce colors accurately • To “trick” camera into seeing white light: • Get illumination as close to 32K as possible • Point camera at white object on set and manually press white balance button

  22. Gel

  23. Lighting Set with Colored Lights • First, light set with white light to white balance camera • Then, turn off white lights and turn on colored lights—camera will see each color

  24. Lighting Room Lit with Sunlight • Place CTO (color temperature orange) gel on inside of window to absorb and convert blue light, or • Place CTB (color temperature blue) gel on instruments inside the room to match blue sunlight. Then, perform white balance

  25. Lighting Intensity • 3200K lights can have different wattage—color is the same but varying amounts of light are produced • Varying brightness of lamps is necessary to prevent hot and dark spots on set

  26. Varying Lighting Intensity • Move instrument closer or farther away from set • Replace lamp with lower or higher wattage lamp • Place diffusionmaterialor scrim in front of instrument • Use bounce lighting or dimmer

  27. Planning Set Lighting • Light plot • Basic hang, or rough hang

  28. Light Plot

  29. Three-Point Lighting

  30. Key Light

  31. Fill Light

  32. Back Light • Different from background light

  33. Three-Point Lighting

  34. Four-Point LightingSet-up

  35. Cross-Key Lighting Set-up

  36. Lighting with Fluorescents • Same technique used with incandescents • Most equipped with a honeycomb

  37. Limbo Lighting

  38. Lighting Check • Always view set under designed lighting on television monitor • If bad image is displayed, stop shooting and determine if monitor is faulty • If monitor is OK, then contrast, color, brightness, and tint may need adjustment

  39. Career Page • The Society of Television Lighting and Design • www.stld.org.uk

  40. Review Question What are precautions to take when working with incandescent studio instruments and lamps? Do not jar them when they are hot. Do not touch them with your bare fingers, even when they are cold. Do not close barndoors completely. Do not point them straight down. Do not turn them off and on in rapid succession.

  41. Review Question How do you light something using three-point lighting? The key light is above and to one side of camera at about the 4:30 spot. The fill light is on opposite side of camera and above it at about the 7:30 spot. The back light is above and behind subject at about the 12:00 spot.

  42. Review Question What is the difference between hard and soft light? Hard light creates sharp, distinct, and dark shadow. Soft light produces indistinct, gradual change from light to dark with plenty of gray in between.

  43. Review Question What are the functions of light in television? Allows camera to operate effectively and meet aesthetic requirements of director.

  44. Review Question Consumers call them lightbulbs—what to lighting professionals call them? Lamps

  45. Review Question What is color temperature of white light? 32K, or 3200K, or 3200° Kelvin

  46. Review Question What effect does temperature have on video image? Cooler temperatures produce yellowish or reddish tints, while hotter temperatures produce greenish or bluish tints.

  47. Review Question Name three ways to vary lighting intensity. Move instrument; use different wattage lamp; place diffusion material or scrim in front of instrument.

  48. Review Question How do you white balance a camera? Try to get illumination as close to 32K as possible, then point camera at white object, then manually press white balance button.

  49. Review Question How would you light a set that requires a lot of colored lights? First, white balance camera, then turn off white lights and turn on colored lights. Camera will see them as colored lights.

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