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Platform Based Design Student presentations

Platform Based Design Student presentations. Diana Cristina Albu Embedded Systems. Distributed Embedded Smart Cameras for Surveillance Applications. Michael Bramberger, Andreas Doblander, Arnold Maier, Bernhard Rinner Graz University of Technology Helmut Schwabach

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Platform Based Design Student presentations

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  1. Platform Based DesignStudent presentations Diana Cristina Albu Embedded Systems

  2. Distributed EmbeddedSmart Cameras forSurveillance Applications Michael Bramberger, Andreas Doblander, Arnold Maier, Bernhard Rinner Graz University of Technology Helmut Schwabach Austrian Research Centers, Seibersdorf

  3. Why this paper? • Smart cameras are fun • Surveillance tasks are important in today’s traffic • I wanted something related to the subject but not something mentioned in class

  4. About the paper • It was a Research Feature for IEEE Computer society paper in February 2006 (Volume 39, Issue 2) • It presents the design of a smart camera as a fully embedded system, with application in traffic surveillance

  5. Smart Cameras • Smart cameras are equipped with a high-performance onboard computing and communication infrastructure, combining in a single embedded device • video sensing • processing • communications

  6. Networks of Embedded Cameras • Networks of embedded cameras can potentially support more complex and challenging applications: • Smart rooms • Surveillance • Tracking • Motion analysis

  7. Summary • “From Analog to Digital Cameras”: • 1st generation surveillance: analog equipment (closed circuit TV cameras transmitted video signal over analog lines) • 2nd generation: digital back-end components; allow real time automated analysis of incoming data • 3rd generation: complete digital transformation; video converted in digital domain at the camera and transmitted via a computer network; cameras can also compress video to save bandwidth

  8. Summary cont. • 4th generation: intelligent cameras; perform low-level image processing operations on the captured frames onboard to improve video compression and intelligent host efficiency • however most of the processing is done at a central unit • But “smart cameras” • directly perform highly sophisticated video analysis • video sensing • video processing • communication • designed as reconfigurable and flexible processing nodes with self-reconfiguration, self-monitoring, and self diagnosis capabilities.

  9. Summary cont. • Shift from a central to a distributed control surveillance system • Increase the surveillance system’s functionality, availability, and autonomy • Can react autonomously to changes in the system’s environment • Can detected events in the monitored scenes. • A static surveillance system configuration is no longer feasible!

  10. Proposed Architecture • scalable, embedded, high-performance, multiprocessor platform consisting of a • network processor • a variable number of digital signal processors (DSPs) • commercial off-the-shelf software/hardware architecture was chosen • support fast prototype development • achieve flexibility and performance at a reasonable price

  11. Hardware Architecture: 3 parts • Sensing unit • Monochrome CMOS image sensor • delivers images with VGA resolution at up to 30 fps • transfers images via a first-in, first-out (FIFO) memory to the PU • Processing unit (PU) • Up to 10 Texas Instruments TMS320C64x DSPs • can deliver an aggregate performance of up to 80 GIPS while keeping the power consumption low • PCI bus couples the DSPs and connects them to the network processor • Communication unit • network processor: Intel XScale IXP425 • establishes the connection between the processing and communication units • controls internal and external communication • currently supports two interfaces for IP-based external communication: • Wired Ethernet • wireless Global System for Mobile Communications/general packet radio service (GSM/GPRS)

  12. Hardware Architecture

  13. Software Architecture: 2 frameworks • DSP framework – runs on every DSP • provides an abstraction of the hardware and communication channels • supports dynamic loading and unloading of application tasks • manages the DSP’s on-chip and off-chip resources • algorithms on different DSPs use the service management facilities to dynamically establish connections to each other • the DSP framework was built on Texas Instruments’ DSP/BIOS operating system.

  14. Software Architecture cont. • SmartCam framework - runs on the network proc • an abstraction of the DSPs to ensure the application layer’s platform independence • application layer uses the provided communication methods to exchange information • internal messaging to the DSPs • external IP-based communication • application development by high-level interfaces to DSP algorithms and the DSP framework’s functions • XScale processor runs standard Linux • only customization of the Linux kernel is the DSP kernel module • processor uses it to establish the connection to the DSPs via the PCI bus

  15. Distributed System Architecture • Use the smart cameras to implement a distributed intelligent video surveillance system (IVS) • Partition IVS into distributed logical groups (surveillance clusters) • IVS • requires an assignment of cameras to a specific cluster • dynamically and autonomously maps surveillance tasks into individual cameras depending on their resources and the system’s current state

  16. Distributed System Architecture cont. • Tasks are implemented onto cameras using a mobile agent system (MAS) built atop the SmartCam framework • Changes in the environment trigger a task mission • Quality of Service (QoS): • parameters include frame rate, transfer delay, image resolution, and video-compression rate • levels can change over time due to user interactions or changes in the monitored environment (so novel IVS systems must include dedicated QoS management mechanisms) • Power awareness • camera supports combined power and QoS management (PoQoS) for distributed IVS systems • PoQoS dynamically configures the power and QoS level of the camera’s hardware and software to adapt to user requests and changes in the environment

  17. SmartCam Prototype • Commercial off the shelf hardware components to test and evaluate the video surveillance system • 1 cam consists of: • network processor • several DSPs • a CMOS image sensor

  18. Hardware Platform • Platform: IXDP425 Intel • Processor: IXP425 Xscale • 533 MHz • 256 Mbytes of external memory • four PCI slots • On-chip support: • Ethernet access • multiple serial ports • PCI host controller • DSP platform • Ateme’s network video development kits (NVDK) • Each NVDK board offers 264 Mbytes of memory accessible via two different DSP external memory interfaces • PCI boards plugged into the baseboard, consist of • Texas Instruments TMS320C6416 DSPs, 600 MHz • Eastman Kodak’s monochrome sensor LM-9618 captures the images • high-dynamic range of up to 110 decibels at VGA resolution • FIFO memory connects the sensor to one of the DSPs

  19. System Software • Network processor: Linux (Kernel 2.6.8.1) • access to a broad variety of open source software modules • The SmartCam framework, executes atop Linux • ensures interoperability with the DSPs • Java also runs atop Linux, supporting platform wide applications • DSP operating system: DSP/BIOS real-time operating system (DSP framework runs atop it; serves as the SmartCam framework’s counterpart on the network processor)

  20. Hardware and software parameters of a SmartCam equipped with 2 DSPs

  21. Distributed Software • Mobile Agent System supports autonomous operation of the surveillance tasks • Each task incapsulated in a mobile agent which migrate between hosts • DSP agents: • a module that manages the agent’s integration into its environment • a DSP binary representing the agent’s functionality • an optional set of intermediate data • a set of DSP resource • Task allocation mechanism requires these parameters to autonomously allocate surveillance tasks to smart cameras • SmartCam agents: • perform status information and communication tasks • are executed on the network processor and can access the DSPs • don’t include resource requirements or DSP binaries • Additional agents provide system functionality • task-allocation system • System exploits mobile SmartCam agents to determine in a distributed manner how to optimally allocate surveillance tasks to the cluster’s SmartCams

  22. Experimental results • Two identical SmartCam prototypes • Integrated up to three additional PCs (Pentium III running under Linux at 1 GHz) to evaluate larger SmartCam networks • Complete SmartCam framework and the MAS could execute on the PC without any modification • Diet agents running under Java as the MAS and applied the JamVM Java virtual machine on the smart camera prototype • Compared the SmartCam prototype’s Java performance with that of a standard PC • The results showed that the interpreter-based JamVM is about 20 times slower than the Sun Java runtime environment (JRE) 1.4.2 on the PCs • the native computing performance between a Pentium III PC and the SmartCam (XScale) differs only by a factor of two

  23. Mode of operation • Multicamera object-tracking application • Multicamera system instantiates only a single tracker (agent) task • The agent follows the tracked object migrating to the SmartCam that should next observe the object • Tracking agent based on a Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi feature tracker • Main advantage is its short initialization time • Applicable for multicamera object tracking by mobile agents • Tracking agents control the handover process, using predefined migration regions • When the tracked object enters a migration region, the tracker initiates handover to the next SmartCam • Each migration region assigned to one or more possible next SmartCams • Motion vectors help distinguish among several SmartCams assigned to the same migration migration region • Motion vectors check whether the object moves in the correct direction • A master-slave approach for the tracked object handover • Tracking agent’s migration between SmartCams takes up to 1 second • Task-allocation system’s setup time—approximately 190 milliseconds

  24. Paper Conclusions • Keys to successful deployment of smart cameras are: • the integration of sensing, computing, and communication in a small, power-aware embedded device • the availability of high-level image/video processing algorithms or libraries for the embedded target processors (the DSPs) • a lightweight software framework supporting glueless intra- and intercamera communication • the availability of various system-level services such as task mapping and QoS adaptation to allow autonomous and dynamic operation of the overall multicamera system

  25. My conclusions • System usage: • traffic surveillance • detection of stationary vehicles • detection of wrong-way drivers • computation of traffic statistics such as • average speed • lane occupancy • vehicle classification

  26. My conclusion • The approach is good considering they are using off the shelf products • The amount of memory and power dissipation are higher than the design would require • it is good for testing and research but not suitable in real world situations • The JamVM seems to be slowing down tracker migration (about 1 sec) • Maybe try another virtual machine (eg. Kaffe) • migration times rather long also because of the master-slave architecture - increases resource utilization because two or more trackers are active at the same time

  27. ANY QUESTIONS? Thank you for your attention!

  28. Related papers • An Integrated Visualization Of A Smart Camera Based Distributed Surveillance System - Sven Fleck, Christian Vollrath, Florian Walter, Wolfgang Straßer WSI/GRIS, University Of Tubingen • A Mobile Agent-based System For Dynamic Task Allocation In Clusters Of Embedded Smart Cameras - Michael Bramberger, Bernhard Rinner And Helmut Schwabach • An Embedded Smart Camera On A Scalable Heterogeneous Multi-dsp System - Michael Bramberger, Bernhard Rinner And Helmut Schwabach • Embedded Smart Cameras As Key Components In Reactive Sensor Systems - Michael Bramberger, Bernhard Rinner And Helmut Schwabach • Decentralized Object Tracking In A Network Of Embedded Smart Cameras - M. Quaritsch, M. Kreuzthaler, B. Rinner, B. Strobl • Autonomous Multicamera Tracking On Embedded Smart Cameras - Markus Quaritsch, Markus Kreuzthaler, Bernhard Rinner, Horst Bischof, And Bernhard Strobl

  29. References • 1. W. Wolf, B. Ozer, and T. Lv, “Smart Cameras as Embedded Systems,” Computer, Sept. 2002, pp. 48-53. • 2. G.L. Foresti, C. Mahonen, and C.S. Regazzoni, Multimedia Video-Based Surveillance Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. • 3. M. Bramberger, B. Rinner, and H. Schwabach, “A Method for Dynamic Allocation of Tasks in Clusters of Embedded Smart Cameras,” Proc. Int’l Conf. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Press, 2005, pp. 2595-2600. • 4. R. Steinmetz and K. Nahrstedt, Multimedia Systems, Springer, 2004. • 5. A. Maier, B. Rinner, and H. Schwabach, “A Hierarchical Approach for Energy-Aware Distributed Embedded Intelligent Video Surveillance,” Proc. IEEE/IFIP Int’l Workshop Parallel and Distributed Embedded Systems, IEEE Press, 2005, pp. 12-16. • 6. J. Shi and C. Tomasi, “Good Features to Track,” Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE Press, 1994, pp. 593-600.

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