Investigating and controlling disease outbreaks

1. Investigating and controlling disease outbreaks epidemiology

2. Steps of an outbreak investigation • In investigating an outbreak, speed is essential, but getting the right answer is essential, too. • To satisfy both requirements, epidemiologists approach investigations systematically, using 10 steps http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

3. Steps 1-5 • 1. Prepare for field work • 2. Establish the existence of an outbreak • 3. Verify the diagnosis • 4. Define and identify cases • 5. Describe and orient the data in terms of time, place, and person http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

4. Steps 6-10 • 6. Develop hypotheses • 7. Evaluate hypotheses • 8. Refine hypotheses and carry out additional studies • 9. Implement control and prevention measures • 10. Communicate findings http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

5. Investigating an outbreak • In practice, several of these 10 steps may be done at the same time, or they may be done in a different order. • For example, control measures should be implemented as soon as the source and mode of transmission are known http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

6. 1. Preparing for field work • Researching the disease and acquiring the supplies and equipment needed is fundamental • Consult with everyone involvedto determine your role in the investigation and who your local contacts will be once you arrive on the scene http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

7. 2. Establish the existence of an outbreak • One of the first assignments should be to investigate if the suspected outbreak is a true outbreak • Before you can decide whether an outbreak exists (i.e., whether the observed number of cases exceeds the expected number), you must first determine the expected number of cases for the area in the given time frame. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

8. 3. Verify the diagnosis • In addition to verifying the existence of an outbreak early in the investigation, you must also identify as accurately as possible the specific nature of the disease. • First, you must ensure that the problem has been properly diagnosed—that it really is what it has been reported to be. • Second, for outbreaks involving infectious or toxic-chemical agents, you must to be certain that the increase in diagnosed cases is not the result of a mistake in the laboratory. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

9. 4. Define and identify cases • Establish a case definition or a standard set of criteria for deciding whether, in this investigation, a person should be classified as having the disease or health condition under study. • To be classified as confirmed, a case usually must have laboratory verification. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

10. 5. Describe and orient the data in terms of time, place, and person • Once you have collected some data, you can begin to characterize an outbreak by time, place, and person. • This step my be performed during several times during the course of an outbreak. • Characterizing an outbreak by these variables is called descriptive epidemiology, because you describe what has occurred in the population under study. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

11. 6. Develop a hypothesis • After you have interviewed some affected people, spoken with other health officials in the community, and characterized the outbreak by time, place, and person, you will have a stronger hypotheses with more focus to it. • The hypotheses should address the source of the agent, the mode (vehicle or vector) of transmission, and the exposures that caused the disease. • The hypotheses should be proposed in a way that can be tested. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

12. 7. Evaluate the hypothesis • You must evaluate the credibility of your hypothesis • You can compare your hypothesis with established facts or you can evaluate it through analytic epidemiology, which allows you to test your hypothesis http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

13. 8. Refine hypothesis and carry out additional studies • When analytic epidemiological studies do not confirm your hypotheses, you need to reconsider your hypotheses and look for new vehicles or modes of transmission. • This is the time to meet with case-patients to look for common links and to visit their homes to look at the products on their shelves. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

14. 9. Implementing Control and prevention methods • Control and prevention methods should be carried out as soon as possible. • Control measures, which can be implemented early if you know the source of an outbreak, should be aimed at specific links in the chain of infection, the agent, the source, or the reservoir. • In other situations, you might direct control measures at interrupting transmission or exposure. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm

15. 10. Communicate findings • Can be done by: 1) an oral briefing for local health authorities and 2) a written report. • Your oral briefing should be attended by the local health authorities and people responsible for implementing control and prevention measures. • You should also provide a written report that follows the usual scientific format of introduction, background, methods, results, discussion, and recommendations. http://www.cdc.gov/excite/classroom/outbreak/steps.htm