AP Physics B Equations

1. AP Physics B Equations

2. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for uniformly-accelerated motion that is missing the variable: x (displacement) • v = v₀ + at m/s • v = final velocity m/s • v₀ = initial velocity m/s • a = acceleration m/s2 • t = time s

3. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for uniformly-accelerated motion that is missing the variable: v (final velocity) • x = x₀ + v₀t + ½at² m • x = final displacement m • x₀ = initial displacement m • v₀ = initial velocity m/s • a = acceleration m/s2 • t = time m

4. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for uniformly-accelerated motion that is missing the variable: t (time) • v² = v₀² + 2a(x – x0) (m/s)2 • v = final velocity m/s • v0 = initial velocity m/s • a = acceleration m/s2 • x = final displacement m • x0 = initial displacementm

5. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for net force – Newton’s 2nd Law • ΣF = Fnet = ma N • F = force N • m = mass kg • a = acceleration m/s2

6. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for the force of friction • Ffric ≤ μN N • F = force N • μ = coefficient of friction none • N = normal force N

7. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for centripetal acceleration • ac = v2/r m/s2 • a = acceleration m/s2 • v = velocity m/s • r = radius or distance m

8. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for torque • τ = rF sin Θ Nm • τ = torque Nm • r = radius or distance m • F = force N • Θ = angle degrees

9. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for momentum • p = mv kg m/s • p = momentum kg m/s • m = mass kg • v = velocity m/s

10. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for impulse • J = F ∆t = ∆p kg m/s • J = impulse kg m/s • F = force N • t = time s • p = momentum kg m/s

11. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for kinetic energy • K = ½ mv2 J = kg m2/s2 • K = kinetic energy J • m = mass kg • v = velocity m/s

12. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for gravitational potential energy • ∆Ug = mgh J = kg m/s2 m • U = potential energy J • m = mass kg • g = gravitational acceleration m/s2 • h = height m

13. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for work done on a system • W = F ∆r cosΘ J = N m • W = work done on a system J • F = force N • r = radius or distance m • Θ = angle degrees

14. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for average power • Pavg = W/∆t Watt = N / s • P = power Watt • W = work done on a system N • t = time s

15. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for instantaneous power • P = Fv cosΘ Watt = N/s • P = power W • v = velocity m/s • Θ = angle degrees

16. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for Hooke’s Law • Fs = -kx N • F = force N • k = spring constant N/m • x = radius or distance m

17. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for potential energy of a spring • Us = ½ kx2 N/m m2 • U = potential energy N/m m2 • k = spring constant N/m • x = radius or distance m

18. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for period of a spring • Ts = 2π(m/k)1/2 s • T = period s • m = mass kg • k = spring constant N/m

19. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for period of a pendulum • Tp = 2π(l/g)1/2 s • T = period s • l = length m • g = gravitational acceleration m/s2

20. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for period and frequency • T = 1/f s • T = period s • f = frequency cycles = Hertz = cycles/s

21. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for gravitational force – Law of Universal Gravitation • Fg = - (Gm1m2)/r2 N • F = force N • G = gravitational constant Nm2/kg2 • m = mass kg • r = radius or distance m

22. Newtonian Mechanics • Equation for gravitational potential energy • Ug = - (Gm1m2)/r J • F = force N • G = gravitational constant Nm2/kg2 • m = mass kg • r = radius or distance m