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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). cartoon. electron microscope picture of virus particles (about 100,000x magnified). virology-online.com. THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF IMMUNE SYSTEMS. self versus non-self. (an "antigen" is any "non-self" entity that will trigger an immune response).

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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

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  1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) cartoon electron microscope picture of virus particles (about 100,000x magnified) virology-online.com

  2. THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF IMMUNE SYSTEMS self versus non-self (an "antigen" is any "non-self" entity that will trigger an immune response)

  3. these are the organs of the vertebrate immune system they are called "lymphoid organs" since they produce lymphocytes (white blood cells) - the key players in the immune response http://press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/immune/immune05.htm

  4. the stem cells are found in the… bone marrow they produce two different classes of immune cells: 1- includes monocytes (patrol cells) and macrophages (clean up crew) 2- B cells and T cells, involved in specific antigen recognition and the mounting of an immune response http://press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/immune/immune08.htm

  5. what happens when you get an infection? 1) first line of defense (non-specific immune cells, enzymes, etc.) has failed to fight off an invader. It multiplies. 2) a macrophage wanders by and swallows one of the invading cells. It chews up the invader, and presents bits (“antigens”) of the consumed invader on its cell surface. 3) this activates "helper T-cells," which, by lucky coincidence, have an antigen that recognizes this antigenic bit presented on the macrophage cell surface. The helper T-cells then secrete substances (lymphokines) that attract other immune cells to aid in the defense process

  6. ...continued 4) this "activated" helper T-cell then binds to B cells that had previously taken up bits of the destroyed invader cells 5) This then activates antibody production. The B cells multiply, and become one of two types of cells: a) plasma cells: antibody-making factories. These antibodies bind to the surfaces of the invading cells, inactivating them. Macrophages then act as a clean- up crew, digesting and destroying these antibody- invader complexes b) memory B-cells, which remain in your lymph system, ready to be activated quickly in the event of a second infection with the same invader

  7. OVERVIEW OF THE ANTIGENIC RESPONSE lymphokines Campbell & Reece (2002) Biology (6th Ed.) Fig. 43.13

  8. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) cartoon electron microscope picture of virus particles (about 100,000x magnified) virology-online.com

  9. from Weiss (2001) Phil Trans Roy Soc. Lond. B

  10. from Freeman & Herron Evolutionary Analysis (1998)

  11. from Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci AS. 1993. New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med;328:327-35

  12. comparison of mutation rates when copying the genes of…. 1 mistake in 1 billion nucleotides copied 1 mistake in 1 million nucleotides copied 1 mistake in 1 thousand nucleotides copied Humans Influenza A (flu) virus HIV virus from Freeman & Herron Evolutionary Analysis (1998)

  13. Phil Trans Roy Soc. Lond. B (2001)

  14. What's the evidence that HIV has evolved? 1. comparison of sequence types from last 50 years 2. growing resistance to once-effective drugs (esp. AZT) 3. comparison of sequences in newly infected HIV patient, with those in the patient after he/she develops AIDS symptoms

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