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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U53XWlGK4hY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U53XWlGK4hY. Chapter 1. Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research. Module 1.1. Foundations of Modern Psychology Psych-Mind Ology-Knowledge. You’re on a plane…. So what do you do….. What do your parents think? What do your friends think?

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  1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U53XWlGK4hY

  2. Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

  3. Module 1.1 Foundations of Modern Psychology Psych-Mind Ology-Knowledge

  4. You’re on a plane…. • So what do you do….. • What do your parents think? • What do your friends think? • What do YOU think?

  5. What Is Psychology? • The science of behavior and mental processes • What makes psychology scientific? • Evidence is valued over opinion and tradition

  6. Psychology? • Unknown to most people • Information concerning human behavior and the unconscious • Most who are considered to be in the field of psychology (as determined by the general population) are far from it. • SO WHAT?!

  7. Psychology? • Requires critical thinking skills!!! • More so than any other science. • Example: Chemistry • Hydrochloric Acid and Aluminum Foil: Predictions? Example: Psychology Josh’s parents get divorced when he is 7….when he turns 25 he will be __________________

  8. Don’t know much ‘bout Philosophy:Dialectic Progression of Ideas: Hegel Thesis Antithesis flaws/alt idea flaws/alt idea Synthesis: best of both New Thesis

  9. Philosophical Roots Rationalist Logic & reasoning is key (Think about it) Empiricist Experience & observation is key (Test it)

  10. How does it all fit? Philosophy Empiricism (Locke) Rationalism (Descartes) Synthesis: Both have a role (Kant)

  11. Founding of Psychology as an Independent Science • Wilhelm Wundt established the first scientific laboratory dedicated to study of psychology in 1879 • Marked transition of psychology from philosophy to science Repeat!

  12. Wundt, Titchner, and Structuralism • Wundt was interested in studying people’s mental experiences. • Used introspection • Edward Titchner brought Wundt’s teachings and methods to US. • Wundt and Titchner are identified with school of psychology known as structuralism.

  13. Introspection • Mental life and experience can be reduced to parts.

  14. William James and Functionalism • William James founded the school of psychology known as functionalism • Focused on the roles or functions that underlie mental processes • Why we do what we do • What do you experience • not as important as WHY

  15. Structure vs. Function That’s a carburetor! That mixes air and fuel!

  16. John Watson and Behaviorism • Watson founded behaviorism • Psychology should be a science of behavior only • Can’t see all this mental junk! • What can you see? • Believed that environment molds behavior • By 1920s, behaviorism became dominant force in American psychology.

  17. B. F. Skinner • Studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments • Principles of learning apply to animals and humans alike.

  18. Just a quick note… • The psychologists of then: The psychologist of today…..

  19. Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

  20. THE BOOKS ARE COMING! • ….so they say

  21. Last time…. • 1. What is psychology • 2. Philosophical roots of psychology? • 3. Who were the first psychologists? • …we had a great time • We left off with behaviorism

  22. B. F. Skinner • Studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments • Principles of learning apply to animals and humans alike.

  23. Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Psychology • Wertheimer was fascinated by the illusion of movement by objects in the distance. • Founded Gestalt psychology • How does the brain organize and structure our perceptions of the world? • What might be some neat stuff which we can study with Gestalt Principles?

  24. One last good one…. • http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_adaptSpiral/index.html • Deals with motion…… • “Aftereffect”-the cells in our eyes are following this light around and around and processing. • When we look away…cells still following the same pattern.

  25. Figure 1.2: What Is This? Gestalt maxim:“The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”

  26. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis • Founded psychodynamic perspective • Focused on the unconscious mind • Emphasized importance of early childhood experiences • Led to form of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis • What is the unconscious? • Thoughts, memories and desires that • exert great influence on behavior.

  27. Contemporary Psychology • Behavioral Perspective • Social-cognitive theory • Behavioral therapy • Psychodynamic Perspective • Humanistic Perspective • Human beings cannot be reduced to components. • Human beings have in them a uniquely human context. • Human consciousness includes an awareness of oneself in the context of other people. • Human beings have choices and responsibilities. • Human beings are intentional, they seek meaning, value and creativity.

  28. Contemporary Psychology • Physiological Perspective • Evolutionary psychology • Cognitive Perspective • Sociocultural Perspective

  29. Module 1.2 Psychologists: Who They Are and What They Do

  30. Types of Psychological Research • Basic Research: Focuses on acquiring knowledge, even if no practical application • Applied Research: Focuses on finding solutions to specific problems

  31. Figure 1.3: Psychologists’ Areas of Specialization Source: American Psychological Association, Research Office, Current Major Field of APA Membership by Membership Status 2002, Updated April 2004.

  32. Figure 1.4: Where Psychologists Work Source: American Psychological Association, Employment Settings for PhD Psychologists: 2001, APA Research Office. July 2003.

  33. Experimental Comparative Physiological Clinical Counseling School Educational Developmental Personality Social Environmental Industrial/ Organizational Health Consumer Major Specialty Areas

  34. Emerging Specialty Areas • Neuropsychology • Clinical neuropsychology • Geropsychology • Forensic psychology • Sports psychology

  35. Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

  36. Office Hours: • M-W • 9:45-10:15 • Gartley Hall: Room 7 (cognition lab) • Or any other time……

  37. Last Time • 1. Gestalt Psychology • Whole is greater than the sum of its parts. • 2. Freud • The unconscious mind directs behaviors and personality. • 3.Where do psychologists work? • 4. Themes in modern psychology

  38. Themes of Psychology • 1. Empirical Stuff! • Empiricism is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation (systematic) • Common sense, tradition, faith, dogma? • “People get sad around the holidays” (empirical ?’s) • How many people? Where? How do you know? What is the distribution? What do you mean by sad?

  39. Themes of Psychology • 2. Theoretically Diverse • A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. • Multiple causes for phenomena. • Billy is a jerk: • Why?

  40. Themes of Psychology • 3. Psychology evolves in a social historical context. • Trends greatly influence what is done and studied in psychology. • Homosexuality?

  41. Themes of Psychology • 4. Heredity and Environment • Nature vs. Nurture? • Which is it? • What do you think? • What do psychologists think?

  42. Themes of Psychology • 5. Our experience is HIGHLY subjective • Barry Bonds? • Love? Hate? • The scientific method is designed to counteract subjectivity.

  43. Module 1.3 Research Methods in Psychology

  44. The goals of scientific enterprise • 1. Measurement and Description • We must be able to measure and describe the phenomena under study. • Is there a God? • Why are people getting sick from Manoa Gardens?

  45. The goals of scientific enterprise • 2. Understanding and Prediction • Hypothesis? • Can we predict, control and explain? • My hypothesis is that they don’t wash their hands and there is bacteria in the food.

  46. The goals of scientific enterprise • 3.Application and Control. • We have our findings which show SUPPORT towards our theory…lets put it to work • Tell employees to wash hands!

  47. Figure 1.7: General Steps in the Scientific Method

  48. Case Study Method • In-depth study of one or more individuals • Information drawn from interviews, observation, or written records • Problems with case studies: • Limitations of memory • Withholding of important information • Concerns over making favorable impressions

  49. Survey Method • Information gathered from target groups of people through the use of: • Structured interviews • Questionnaires • Importance of random sampling • Problems: • Limitations of memory • Social desirability bias • Volunteer bias

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