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Understanding Forces: Types, Newton's Laws, and Equilibrium in Motion

This text explores the concept of force as a push or pull on an object, emphasizing its vector nature with both magnitude and direction. It distinguishes between fundamental forces like gravity, electroweak, and nuclear forces, as well as contact forces arising from interactions between objects. It also covers Newton's Three Laws of Motion, introducing concepts such as inertia, static and dynamic equilibrium, and the importance of net force. Through practical examples and calculations, the content aims to clarify the behavior of forces in various scenarios.

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Understanding Forces: Types, Newton's Laws, and Equilibrium in Motion

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  1. Equilibrium

  2. Force is A push or pull on an object. A vector with magnitude and direction. Force is not Energy. Power. Momentum. Velocity. Force

  3. Fundamental Forces • Gravity is a fundamental force. • It acts upon objects from a distance away from the source (such as the Earth). • There are two other fundamental forces. • Electroweak force is common in everyday life. • Electricity • Magnetism • Light • Radioactive decay • Nuclear force is uncommon in everyday life. • Nuclear fission (nuclear power plants) • Nuclear fusion (stars)

  4. Contact Forces • Many forces are due to contact between objects. • Kick a ball • Push with a bulldozer • Tug from a rope • Friction due to the ground • The actual force is electricity, but the atoms are so small we can treat the forces as coming from contact by larger objects.

  5. Newton’s Laws • Ancient scientists looked to the natural properties of objects. • Motion was a result of the object’s properties. • Newton defined motion based on forces acting from outside an object. • Motion was the result of external forces. • Three laws were used to define the behavior of forces on objects.

  6. First Law: Law of Inertia • An object continues at rest, or in uniform motion in a straight line, unless a force is imposed on it. • This describes constant velocity, including zero. • No change means no force, and vice versa. no force rocket constant velocity

  7. Zero Net Force • An object at rest with no net force is in static equilibrium. • The net force is due to the sum of forces acting on the object. • The forces are vectors

  8. An advertising sign weighs 210 N. It is supported from a post with a horizontal beam, and by a chain making an angle of 35 from the horizontal. What is the force in the chain? Static Forces q = 35º Newton Legal W = 210 N

  9. With no motion, forces must sum to zero. Identify forces on the sign. C is the force on the chain B is the force on the beam W is the weight Vector sum is zero. Vector Forces

  10. To find the values, use components Find the vertical components for the force on the chain. Cy = C sinq Wy = -210 N 0 = Cy + Wy= C sinq + Wy C = -Wy / sinq = 370 N Use horizontal components for the force on the beam. 0 = Bx + Cx = Bx+ (-C cosq) Bx = C cosq = 300 N Force Components Cy q = 35º Bx Cx Wy = -210 N

  11. Constant Velocity • Constant velocity means no change in motion. • Dynamic equilibrium applies in states of constant, non-zero velocity. • Zero net force used here: • FN + Fg + Fy = 0 • Fx + Ffr = 0 v0 FN Ffr Fx Fg Fy next

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